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clincial pathophysiology > cardiovascular disorders > Flashcards

cardiovascular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between systole and diastole

A

systole is when ventricles contract
diastole is when ventricles relax and fill

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2
Q

what is preload

A

end-diastolic pressure
“volume”
“stretch”

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3
Q

what is afterload

A

work/force required to move blood into the aorta
“pressure”
“squeeze”

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4
Q

what increases preload

A

hypervolemia
regurgitation of cardiac valves
heart failure

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5
Q

what increases afterload

A

hypertension
vasoconstriction

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6
Q

true or false: increasing afterload decreases cardiac workload

A

false

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7
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular beating

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8
Q

why does atrial fibrillation cause low blood pressure

A

the heart does not have enough time to fill; causing BP to drop

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9
Q

what is hypertension

A

sustained elevation of blood pressure

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10
Q

what is the primary risk factor of cardiovascular disease

A

hypertension

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11
Q

what is the leading cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide

A

hypertension

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12
Q

what race is most likely for hypertension

A

african americans

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13
Q

true or false: men are more likely to have a cardiovascular disease

A

true

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14
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

the build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery wall

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15
Q

what effect does smoking have on the cardiovascular system

A

increases: HR, CO, BP, and coronary flow

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16
Q

what is thrombosis

A

blood clots block veins or arteries

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17
Q

true or false: PAD and CAD are both caused by fatty deposits in the wall of the arteries (atherosclerosis)

A

true

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18
Q

where is CAD located

A

in the heart

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19
Q

where is PAD located

A

usually in the legs

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20
Q

what are the major risk factors of PAD and CAD

A

family history
age
smoking
high cholesterol
diabetes
obesity

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21
Q

what is the most common heart disease

A

CAD

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22
Q

what is the single leading cause of death in America today

A

CAD

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23
Q

true or false: PAD is a common circulatory problem

A

true

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24
Q

what increases the risk of PAD by 400%

A

smoking

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25
Q

what is likely to increase the risk of CAD

A

PAD

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26
Q

what can cause a decrease in coronary blood flow

A

vasospasm
fixed stenosis
thrombosis

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27
Q

what can cause angina (chest pain)

A

decreased coronary blood flow
increased oxygen consumption

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28
Q

what can cause increased oxygen consumption

A

increased: heart rate, contractility, afterload, preload

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29
Q

what stages of coronary artery disease have elevated troponins

A

NSTEMI
STEMI

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30
Q

what labs will you look for to evaluate heart damage

A

troponin
creatine phosphokinase
myoglobin

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31
Q

myocardial infarction -> pericardial inflammation -> ??

A

pericarditis

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32
Q

myocardial infarction -> electrical instability -> ??

A

arrhythmias

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33
Q

myocardial infarction -> tissue necrosis -> ventricular wall rupture -> ??

A

cardiac tamponade

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34
Q

myocardial infarction -> tissue necrosis -> papillary muscle infarction -> mitral regurgitation -> ??

A

congestive heart failure

35
Q

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> ??

A

congestive heart failure

36
Q

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> hypotension, decreased coronary perfusion, increased ischemia -> ??

A

cardiogenic shock

37
Q

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> ventricular thrombus -> ??

A

stroke (embolism)

38
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

39
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

rapid accumulation of exudate compresses the heart

40
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

serous exudate filling the pericardial cavity

41
Q

what is constrictive pericarditis

A

fibrous scar tissue making the pericardium stick to the heart

42
Q

what is stenosis

A

cardiac valve doesn’t open properly

43
Q

what is regurgitation

A

valve doesn’t close properly

44
Q

what valves are most commonly affected by stenosis

A

aortic and mitral

45
Q

what do PTs with stenosis present with

A

fatigue
shortness of breath
arrhythmias

46
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve stenosis

A

pulmonary congestion
orthopnea
nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea
palpitations
fatigue

47
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic valve stenosis

A

angina
syncope
easily tired
dyspena
peripheral cyanosis

48
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation

A

don’t develop symptoms for years
pulmonary congestion
dyspnea on exertion
orthopnea

49
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation

A

dyspnea on exertion
orthopnea
drop in diastolic pressure
widening arterial pulse pressure

50
Q

what are the valves experiencing during systolic murmurs

A

pulmonic and aortic stenosis
mitral and tricuspid regurgitation

51
Q

what are the valves experiencing during diastolic murmurs

A

aortic and pulmonic regurgitation
mitral and tricuspid stenosis

52
Q

what causes heart failure

A

decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion
increased fluid retention

53
Q

what examples of fluid retention can contribute to heart failure

A

peripheral edema
shortness of breath
exercise intolerance

54
Q

what does cardiac remodeling do

A

dilating ventricles and increasing wall thickness

55
Q

what does inotropic do

A

contractility or force of heart

56
Q

what does chronotropic do

A

heart rate

57
Q

what is a consequence of dilation

A

it becomes inadequate and CO decreases

58
Q

what are the consequences of hypertrophy

A

less volume space
poor circulation
impaired filling
higher oxygen needs
risk for ventricular dysrhythmias

59
Q

true or false: ventricular heart failure (systolic) has a high ejection fraction and (diastolic) has a low ejection fraction

A

false: systolic had low and diastolic has normal

60
Q

what does ventricular heart failure (diastolic) lead to

A

decreased stroke volume and CO
venous engorgement in pulmonary and systemic vascular systems

61
Q

what can be a diagnosis for ventricular heart failure (diastolic)

A

pulmonary congestion
pulmonary hypertension
ventricular hypertrophy
normal EF

62
Q

systolic dysfunction has what heart sound

A

S3

63
Q

diastolic dysfunction has what heart sound

A

S4

64
Q

where does left sided heart failure send venous return

A

lungs

65
Q

where does right sided heart failure send venous return

A

body organs except lungs

66
Q

true or false: left heart failure is the most common cause of right heart failure

A

true

67
Q

what does acute decompensated heart failure manifest as

A

pulmonary edema

68
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema

A

anxious
pale, possibly cyanotic
skin is clammy and cold
severe dyspnea
wheezing, coughing
blood-tinged sputum
crackles, wheezes, rhonchi
HR rapid, BP variable

69
Q

what are natriuretic peptides

A

natural substances released by the heart

70
Q

what does ANP do and where is it secreted from

A

lower blood pressure
atrium

71
Q

what does BNP do and where is it secreted from

A

regulates circulation (dilate blood vessels, causes kidneys to excrete more salt and water)
ventricles

72
Q

true or false: high BNP levels equals better cardiac health than lower levels

A

false

73
Q

what is the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

74
Q

what is arrhythmias

A

abnormal conduction and/or formation of cardiac impulses

75
Q

what are the common causes of arrhythmias

A

abnormal structure (hypertrophy and dilation)
inadequate oxygen
fluid/electrolyte/pH disturbances (potassium)
injury
excessive demand

76
Q

where is atrial depolarization

A

p interval

77
Q

where is ventricular depolarization found

A

QRS interval

78
Q

where is ventricular repolarization found

A

t interval

79
Q

what common arrhythmias leads to cardiac arrest

A

ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation

80
Q

which valve is affected with damage if the papillary muscle is in the left ventricle

A

mitral

81
Q

PT reports shortness of breath, tachycardia, productive cough, and orthopnea. these symptoms are consistent with

A

left ventricular failure

82
Q

what clinical manifestations are associated with right-sided heart failure

A

distended neck veins
pitting edema in the feet and ankles
abdominal ascites

83
Q

what conditions would likely lead to diastolic heart failure

A

cardiac hypertrophy from long-standing hypertension
cardiac tamponade
restrictive cardiomyopathy

clincial pathophysiology (7 decks)

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