Renal diseases in childhood

Question 1

Nephrotic syndrome definition

Answer 1

Proteinuria > 3.5 g/24h
Hypoalbuminemia < 3g/dL
Edema
Hyperlipidemia

Question 2

Nephrotic syndrome in children

Answer 2

1. Minimal change disease is the most common cause

Question 3

Minimal change disease etiology

Answer 3

Not fully understood. Likely cytokine damage after a T-cell activation
Nephrotic syndrome is a result of injury to the glomerular filtration barrier, which increases its permeability and diffuse foot process effacement

Question 4

Minimal change disease diagnostic criteria

Answer 4

Edema is generally the presenting sign of nephrotic syndrome,
the diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of both nephrotic range proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia
Age younger than ten years of age
Absence of hypertension
Absence of hematuria
Normal renal function

Question 5

Minimal change disease Dx

Answer 5

Urinalysis: urinary dipstick measures albumin concentration

Blood test, electrolytes, creatinine, BUN, Cholesterole, albumin

Question 6

Nephritic syndrome definition

Answer 6

Hematuria w/ acanthocytes = dysmorphic RBCs
Microproteinuria < 3.5g/24h 
Hypertension 
Mild to moderate edema 
Oliguria 
Azotemia (nitrogen in blood)

Question 7

Nephritic syndrome etiology

Answer 7

1. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

2. Alport syndrome

Question 8

Post. strep glomerulonephritis pathophys

Answer 8

After group A beta-hemolytic strep infection (pharyngitis/tonsillitis)
–> can leas to rapid progressive glomerulonephritis

Glomerular immune complexes trigger complement activation and inflammation.
IgG and ANCA,