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AUBF - Lec > Renal Diseases > Flashcards

Renal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Classifications of renal diseases:

A

Glomerular disorders
Tubular
Interstitial
Renal failure
Renal lithiasis

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2
Q

What type of damage is the most common damage of the glomerulus?

A

Immunologic

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3
Q

Chemical mediators and toxic substances can cause ________

A

Glomerular injury

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4
Q

Causes of non-immunologic glomerular disorders:

A
  • Exposure to chemicals and toxins
  • Disruption of the electrical membrane charges
  • Deposition of amyloid material
  • Basement membrane thickening
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5
Q

Glomerular injury leads to what?

A

Hematuria and proteinuria

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6
Q

What is the major cause of immunologic glomerular disorder?

A

Accumulation of immune complexes

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7
Q

What are the 3 ways that glomerular disorders can occur?

A

Asymptomatic hematuria/proteinuria
Acute nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome

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8
Q

Symptoms of ANS

A

Hematuria
Proteinuria
Oliguria
Azotemia
Edema
Hypertension

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9
Q

Differenciate nephritic and nephrotic syndrome

A

Nephritic - (+) hematuria, (+) proteinuria
Nephrotic- (+) lipiduria, (+) proteinuria

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10
Q

Explain the cause of lipiduria in nephrotic syndrome

A

The kidney eliminates large amounts of proteins through the urine. This will cause the liver to try and produce some lipoproteins, but they need to be catabolized first by lipases. The liver also produces Angiopoietin-like 4 (angptl4) which inhibits the lipases, causing lipiduria.

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11
Q

A renal disease caused by infection of group A streptococcus

A

Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

What renal disease presents a crescentic formation in the Bowman’s space?

A

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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13
Q

A renal disease that has a pronounced thickening of the GBM and is associated with Hepatitis B

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

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14
Q

What renal disease is the major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

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15
Q

Differenciate Membranous Glomerulonephritis with Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Membranous - no involvement of mesangial cells

Membranoproliferative - involvement of mesangium

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16
Q

Also known as lipid nephrosis

A

Minimal change disease

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17
Q

Major cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

Lipid nephrosis / minimal change disease

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18
Q

What causes lipid nephrosis?

A

T cell immunity dysfunction —> disrupt podocyte foot processes —> loss of shield of negativity

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19
Q

IgA nephropathy may be mistaken as _______. This can be differenciated by testing for ______.

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Serum IgA

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20
Q

Acute gromerulonephritis may progress into ______.

A

Chronic gromerulonephritis

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21
Q

Antiglomerular basement membrane disease is caused by what?

A

Cytotoxic autoantibodies

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22
Q

When cytotoxic autoantibodies attack the alveolar basement membrane, it is now called _____

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

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23
Q

What is the old name of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Wegener granulomatosis

24
Q

What happens in Granulomatosis w/ polyangiitis?

A

The presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) binds to the neutrophils in the vascular walls —>immune response —> granuloma formation

25
Q

ANCA with antibodies that form perinuclear pattern

ANCA with granular pattern throughout the cytoplasm

A

p-ANCA (perinuclear ANCA)

c-ANCA (cytoplasmic ANCA)

26
Q

A renal disease that primarily occurs in children after a respiratory infection

A

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

27
Q

Clinical tetrad of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura

A

No thrombocytopenia, palpable purpura
Abdominal pain
Hematuria
Arthritis

28
Q

What is the most common hereditary nephritis?

A

Alport syndrome

29
Q

A renal disease that also manifests eye and/or ear problem

A

Alport syndrome

30
Q

How does Diabetes Mellitus cause glomerular damage?

A

Thickening of the GBM due to the loss of heparan sulfate

31
Q

A renal disease that may be due to decreased blood flow that causes damage to the tubules

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

32
Q

Tubular disprders are classified into:

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
Tubular Dysfunction

33
Q

Difference of iATN and tATN

A

iATN - lack of oxygen, caused by shock, trauma, surgical procedures
tATN - due to nephrotoxic substances

34
Q

What is wrong with the kidney in Fanconi syndrome?

A

The PCT cannot reabsorb substances

35
Q

Urinalysis findings in Fanconi syndrome:

A

Glycosuria (high urine glucose)
Normal blood glucose

36
Q

In Renal Tubular Acidosis, what is wrong with the tubules? What happens to the blood and urine?

A

The tubules cannot secrete adequate hydrogen ions

Acidic blood, alkaline urine

37
Q

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the PCT cannot reabsorb sodium due to the activation of RAAS

A

Bartter’s syndrome

38
Q

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the PCT excessively reabsorbs sodium

A

Gordon’s syndrome

39
Q

Sodium reabsorption defect wherein the DCT excessively reabsorbs sodium

A

Liddle’s syndrome

40
Q

What happens in Uromodulin-associated Kidney Disease?

A

A mutation that leads to an abnormal amount of uromodulin will destroy RTEs. This will increase the serum uric acid, leading to complications such as gout

41
Q

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI

Urethritis

A

Lower UTI

42
Q

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI

Pyelonephritis

A

Upper UTI

43
Q

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI

Cystitis

A

Lower UTI

44
Q

Classification: Lower or Upper UTI

Pyelitis

A

Upper UTI

45
Q

85% of UTIs are caused by what?

A

Gram-negative rods (E. coli, P. mirabilis, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas)

46
Q

Acute pyelonephritis is caused by ______. In where?

A

Bacterial infection in the tubules

47
Q

Urinalysis findings in acute pyelonephritis

A

WBCs, bacteria, WBC casts

48
Q

A renal disease that results from allograft rejection

A

Acute interstitial nephritis

49
Q

In acute interstitial nephritis, what WBC is increased in the blood? What is its level in the urine?

A

Eosinophil

No eosinophiluria

50
Q

Urinalysis findings in acute interstitial nephritis:

A

WBCs, WBC casts w/o bacteria, hematuria, proteinuria

51
Q

Yeast infections are common among _____

A

Women

52
Q

Give an example that causes yeast infections

A

Candida albicans

53
Q

How does yeast infections occur?

A

When the bacterial flora is disrupted due to antibiotics or change in the pH, fungi can thrive, causing an imfection.

54
Q

Sudden loss of renal function is called ______.

A

Acute renal failure

55
Q

Acute renal failure is caused by:

A

Sudden decrease in renal flow
Acute glomerular or tubular diseases
Renal calculi or obstructions

AUBF - Lec (7 decks)

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