Renal Assessment Flashcards
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in fluid and volume homeostasis?
ADH increases water and Na+ retention
What percentage of total body water (TBW) is water? What factors affect this composition?
~60%. TBW varies with age, gender and body fat % (higher muscle will lead to higher water)
Where is the fluid outside of cells located?
Extracellular fluid (ECF) (includes ISF and Plasma)
Which fluid compartement is more immediately altered by kidneys? ICF or ECF?
ECF
What regulates the majortiy of osmolar homeostasis? How is osmolar homeostasis maintained? (What does body do to improve fluid volume)
Osmlolar homeostasis mainly mediated by osmolality-sensors in anterior hypothalamus. These sensors stimulate thirst and cause pituitary release of ADH.
atria release ANP which acts on kidneys to decrease sodium and H20 reabsorption.
How is volume homeostasis regulated?
Volume homeostasis is maintained by juxtaglomerular apparatus.
What does a decrease in volume at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) trigger?
Renin-Angiotensinogen-Aldosterone system (RAAS) for Na+/H2O reabsorption
What is the normal range for sodium?
135-145mEq/L
What levels of sodium require correction prior to elective surgery?
sodium levels ≤125 or ≥155
What are the potential causes of hyponatremia in the Hypovolemic category?
From ppt notes section: Na+/H20 loss (diuretics, gi loss, burns, trauma)
Full list:
Renal losses: Mineralcorticoid deficiency, salt-losing nephritis, renal tubular acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, ketonuria, osmotic diuresis.
Extrarenal losses: vomiting, diarrhea, 3rd space lossed, burns, pancreatitis, muscle trauma
What are the potential causes of hyponatremia in the Euvolemic category?
Salt restriction, endocrine related -Hypothyroid, SIADH, gluccocorticoid deficiency, high sympathetic drive.
What are the potential causes of hyponatremia in the Hypervolemic category?
ARF/CKD, heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis
What percentage of hospitalized patients are hyponatremic?
15%
What is a contributing factor to hyponatremia in hospitalized patients?
Over fluid-resuscitation and increased endogenous vasopressin
Treatment of hyponatremia involves treating the underlying conditions. What are some common methods of correcting low sodium
electrolyte drinks, normal saline, diuretics (for hypervolemia hyponatremia). If ineffective hypertonic saline can be used.
What are the signs and symptoms of Na level 120-130 mEq/L
What are the signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia 130-135 mEq/L
What are the signs and symptoms of Na level <120 mEq/L
What are the two initial signs of hyponatremia
hyponatremia starts with headache and confusion
What is the dose for 3% NaCl?
80 mL/hr over 15 hours.
How often should Na+ level be checked while treating hyponatremia?
q 4 hr
What is the recommended rate for Na+ correction in hyponatremia?
Na+ should not exceed 1.5 mEq/L/hr
Why should Na+ correction be done slowly in hyponatremia treatment?
Rapid correction (>6 mEqL in 24 hr) can cause Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (often leading to permanent neurological damage)
Hyponatremic seizures are a medical emergency that can lead to what?
neurological damage
What is the initial treatment for hyponatremic seizures?
3-5ml/kg of 3% over 20 min until seizures resolve.
What is DI often associated with?
Loss of dilute urine => hypernatremia
What are common causes of hypernatremia?
Excessive evaporation, Poor oral intake (very young and very old, AMS pt), Overcorrection of hyponatremia, DI, GI losses, Excessive sodium bicarb (when treating acidosis)
What are the diagnostic algorithms for different types of electrolyte imbalances?
Hypo: Renal/GI loss
Euvo: DI/insensible loss (skin, respiratory)
Hyper: ↑Na+ intake (IV)/aldosteronism/Cushings
What are the causes of hypervolemia hypernatremia?
IV intake, hyperaldosteronism, Cushings, salt water drowning, IV bicarb, NaCl tablets
What are the symptoms of Hypernatremia?
Orthostasis, Restlessness, Lethargy, Tremor/Muscle twitching/spasticity, Seizures, Death
What is the initial step in treating Hypernatremia?
Identify root cause, Assess volume status (VS, UO, Turgor, CVP)
What treatment is recommended for Hypovolemic Hypernatremia?
Normal saline
What treatment is recommended for Euvolemic Hypernatremia?
Water replacement (PO or D5W)
What treatment is recommended for Hypervolemic Hypernatremia?
Diuretics
What is the target Na+ reduction rate to avoid cerebral edema, seizures, and neurologic damage in Hypernatremia?
≤0.5 mmol/L/hr, and ≤ 10 mmol/L per day
Normal Potassium Level?
3.5-5 mmol/L
Percentage of Potassium in ECF?
< 1.5%
What does Serum K+ level reflect?
Transmembrane K+ regulation
Effect of Aldosterone on K+?
Causes distal nephron to secrete K+ and reabsorb Na+
What happens to K+ excretion in renal failure?
Renal excretion of K+ declines and excretion of K+ shifts towards GI system.
What are the 3 major categories of causes for hypokalemia?
Renal loss, GI loss, Transcellular shift
What are common causes of hypokalemia related to renal loss?
Diuretics, Hyperaldosteronism
What are common causes of hypokalemia related to GI loss?
N/V/D, malabsorption
What are some common causes of hypokalemia related to intracellular shift?
Alkalosis, β-Ag’s, Insulin
What medical condition can lead to hypokalemia due to osmotic diuresis?
DKA
Which medication in blood pressure management can cause hypokalemia?
HCTZ
What dietary item in excess can lead to hypokalemia?
Excessive licorice
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia?
Generally cardiac (dysrhythmias, U wave) and neuromuscular (muscle weakness/cramps and ileus)
How can hypokalemia be treated?
Treatment of underlying cause.
Potassium PO > IV (CVC) may take days to correct.
What is the IV dose range for IV potassium? How much will IV potassium increase serum K+ levels?
Generally 10-20meq/L/hr IV.
EAch 10 mEq IV K+ will increase serum K+ by 0.1mmol/L
What should be avoided in the treatment of hypokalemia?
Avoic excessive insulin, β-agonists (decrease speed of Na+/K+ pump), bicarb, hyperventilation, diuretics
What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?
Chronic may be minimally symptomatic (Malaise, GI upset)
Skeletal muscle paralysis, cardiac dysrhythmias, decrease fine motor function
What are some EKG changes associated with hyperkalemia?
Peaked T wave, P wave disappearance, prolonged QRS complex, sine waves, asystole
slowing of conduction
Fusion of QRS-T
Loss of ST segment
What can cause hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, drugs inhibiting RAAS/K+ excretion, Succinylcholine, Acidosis, cell death, massive blood transfusion.
How does succinylcholine affect serum K+ levels?
Increases by 0.5-1 mEq/L
What is the initial consequence of dialysis?
Hypovolemia
What is the initial treatment for hyperkalemia? Why is this the initial treatment?
Calcium administration. Calcium will stabilize cell membrane quickly.
How does hyperventilation affect potassium levels?
Hyperventilation will increase pH. Increase of pH by 0.1 will decrease K+ by 0.4-1.5 mmol/L.
What is the dose of insulin and D50 in hyperkalemia treatment? How long will it take for insulin to work in hyperkalemia treatment?
10 units IV insulin: 25 g D50. Onset of 10-20 min
What should be avoided in hyperkalemia management?
Succs, hypoventilation, LR & K+ containing IV fluids
In addition to Calcium, hyperventilation and insulin what other methods are utilized to decrease potassium?
Bicarb, loop diuretics, Kayexalate (hours to days)
How much of the body’s Calcium is in ECF? Where is the majority of Calcium stored? What percentage of plasma Ca++ is protein bound?
Only 1% of Calcium is in ECF; the other 99% is stored in bone.
Of the 1% of calcium in ECF 60% of it is bound to proteins (mainly Albumin)
How does pH affect the binding of Ca++ to albumin?
↑pH/Alkalosis→↑Ca++ binding
Which form of plasma Ca++ is physiologically active?
Ionized calcium is physologically active whereas protein bound calcium is not active.
What is the normal range for ionized Ca++?
1.2-1.38 mmol/L
Which hormones regulate Calcium
parathyroid, Vitamin D (calcitriol), Caclitonin.
What hormone increases GI absorption, renal reabsorption, and bone absorption of Ca++?
Parathyroid hormone
Which hormone augments intestinal Ca++ absorption?
Vitamin D
What hormone helps store calcium into bone and lowers calcium lvls in blood?
Calcitonin
What is required for PTH production?
Magnesium
How does pH influence the binding of Calcium to albumin?
increased pH/alkalosis leads to increase calcium binding to albumin (therefore decreasing ionized calcium levels)
When should iCa++ be checked in relation to PRBC transfusions?
After 4+ units
A major cause of Hypocalcemia is a decrease in what hormone?
PTH (Parathyroid hormone)
What role does Magnesium play in Hypocalcemia?
Deficiency can cause Hypocalcemia because it’s needed to make PTH
How does Renal failure contribute to Hypocalcemia?
Kidneys not responding to PTH
What is a consequence of massive blood transfusion on calcium levels?
Citrate preservative binds Ca++, causing Hypocalcemia
Most common causes of hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism or cancer
Hyperparathyroidism serum Calcium level range
<11
Cancer serum Calcium level range for those with hypercalcemia
> 13