Renal and Urologic Systems Flashcards
what is ureters
muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder using peristalsis
25cm long males
3-4cm long females
capacity of the bladder
800-1000ml
Another term for urination
micturition
why is trigone significant
common site of infections
What are some common changes in the bladder related to aging?
- the ability for your bladder to stretch is less and the ability to hold as much urine goes down
- plus your muscle become weaker
- Nerves may change because of strokes
What should urine look like
pale yellow to amber yellow
Urine shouldn’t smell or if it does it should be a mild odor
What are the names for infections in the Bladder
cystitis
What are the names for infections in the urethra
urethritis
What are the names for infections in the kidney
pyelonephritis
Upper tract consist of
Kindneys and Ureter
Lower tract consist of
Bladder or urethra
UTI are the second most common infection
True
Why are UTI more common in women
because their urethra are smaller, easier for infections to ascend
sitting to urinate
close to vagina and the rectum
intercourse
What are common risk for a UTI
not going to the bathroom frequently or not urinating after intercourse
age
women
being immobile
less ability to provide self-care
pregnancy
Obstructions- kidney stones/large prostate
List Preventions for UTI
urinate after intercourse drink lots of fluids mobility proper self-care - front to back Change sanitize pads often avoid indwelling catheterization
What are signs and symptoms of UTI
confusion sweating malaise (fever, fatigue) urgency dysuria-painful cloudy urination ( white blood cells ) foul smelling urine due to bacteria growth
How are the contents of urine tested
spot test or single test - use stripes- morning testing
24-hour urine test
Nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
What can an OPTA do to help
encourage clients to finish their prescription
What should not be in your urine
blood glucose hemoglobin bile pigment albumin ketones
How do you test for UTI
History, physical, urine analysis, urine cultures, cystoscopy, x rays, CT, MRI and blood work
How is a UTI treated?
Antibiotics
What can OPTA do to help?
monitor signs for infections
and referred pain ( back and shoulder pain)
Changes of mental status and anorexia in older patient s
What is the basic function of a nephron
the main filtration system
1million
What is urine and what is it made of
dissolved solids and mostly water 95%
How much blood does your kidneys filter every day
180 L
How much urine do the kidneys make each day
1-2L
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate - how fast your body process blood through you kidneys
125ml minute
Age related changes to kidneys
nephrons decline
decreased circulation
chronic conditions go up
people with diabetes and chronic hypertension aka high blood pressure have kidney problems
polyuria
producing to much urine 2.5-3L at risk for dehydration
Oliguria
1.5L not enough urine
Kidney …. does
fluid balance and blood pressure Urine formation help make vitamin D Manages PH in the body Makes hormones ( erythropoietine.... makes red blood cells)
Kidney major functions
fitrations-
Reabsorption-
secretion
Most common kidney stones
calcium
Nephrolithiasis form because
urine is too acidic
too much salt
Oliguria when you dont urinate enough
Risk for Nephrolithiasis
Diet (salt diet)
obesity
hypertension ( high blood pressure)
family history
kidney stone appearance
smooth or jagged
yellow-brown
Signs and Symptoms for Nephrolithiasis
Pain in the back (flank pain) may radiate to groin or abdomen
inflammation
obstructive urine flow
dysuria ( pain when urinations)
Infections ( bloody or cloudy urine, fever, nausea/vomiting)
Three main places for kidney stones get stuck alot
renal pelvis
ureter
uretovesicular junctions ( ureter meets the bladder)
How are kidney stones diagnosed
history physical urine test anurine (no urination) xray, CT, Ultra Sound intervenes pyelogram
How do you get rid of Kidney stones 5 ways
pass them shock wave lithotripsy percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( take out through skin) uteroscopy ( pull down the urethra) Surgery
collecting ducts join together to make ….
calyx
calyx join together to make
renal pelvis
Chronic kidney disease
processive nephron loss
Chronic kidney disease causes
diabetes
hypertension -high blood pressure
glomerulonephritis
Clinical indicators of CKD
GFR goes up
Glomerul filtration rate
CKD Diagnosd
urine test history physical exam renal ultra sound blood test biopsy of kidneys
Progression of CKD
- higher then normal GFR over 60
- 60-89
3.30-59
4.15-29 - end stage renal disease less than 15
need dialysis
Nephrons get damage there for less blood is being filtered
True
urea filtered from kidneys which is ….
nitrogen
Azotemia is a fancy way of saying
high levels of nitrogen
Uremia
1
When a client has high Uremia they will feel
ask to much nitrogen
nausea weakness anorexia muscle atrophy fatigue vomiting
What are five major processes that take place in the kidneys are disrupted by CKF
- urine formation
- fluid balance and blood pressure balance
- stimulate red blood cell productions
- determine mineral and electrolyte balance
- PH balance
what kind of things will you see with kidney failure in a client
cognitive functions impacted itchy fluid balance heart failure edema anemia- issue with blood clotting muscle loss bone density loss imbalance in ph - rapid shallow breathing nausea decrease appetite fatigue
Goal of treatment
Stop cause
3 interventions
- underlying cause to stop losing nephrons
- diet and nutritious
- medications to manage symptoms
ESRD???
End Stage renal Disease
how is End stage renal disease treated
dialysis
kidney transplant
hemodialysis
peritoneal
how is End stage renal disease treated
dialysis ( Hemodialysis and Peritoneal)
kidney transplant
Hemodialysis
4 hours 3x weekly
usually in hospital
Peritoneal
30minutes 4x daily or at night
signs and symptoms in clients on dialysis
encourage life style changes
look for infection
encourage exercises
vital sign changes
