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PATHO > Cell Function, lymphatic system & oncology > Flashcards

Cell Function, lymphatic system & oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do cells adapt?

A

To maintain homeostasis in the body

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2
Q

Name 5 types of cell adaption (5)

A
  • hyperplasia
  • hypoplasia (hypertrophy)
  • atrophy
  • metaphasia
  • dysphasia
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3
Q

When a cell is injured and cannot be repaired, what is the outcome?

How does the body respond?

A

Cell death (apoptosis)

Cells shut down, shrink, and are sloughed off, phagocyte eats it

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4
Q

Ishemia

A
  • When a cell is deprived of oxygen
  • decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ. It essentially strangles the tissue or organ by limiting necessary nutrients and oxygen
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5
Q

What does necrosis mean? (Nekros)

A

“Dead body”

  • a cells inability to survive due to the extent of damage
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6
Q

Gangrene

A

Infected dead tissue

Hard to treat because the bacteria keeps spreading and growing while killing tissue.

-A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion

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7
Q

The part of a cells DNA that are used to make copies of the cell are called?

A

Genes

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8
Q

When a cell is damaged and the DNA in that cell is altered and that cell doesn’t die, these mutations are called what?

A

Oncogenes

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9
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • Abnormal growth

- The final cellular adaptation, in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance

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10
Q

What is a promotor?

A

Clear divide when they are told to by a promotor

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11
Q

Neoplasm

A
  • A mass of cells that form a growth
  • A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a tumour
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12
Q

Differentiation

A
  • When a cell mutates so much that it loses its special function
  • The process by which cells become specialized in terms of cell type, function, structure, and cell cycle.
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13
Q

Anaplasia

A

The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer

The more anaplasia, the faster the cells divide

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14
Q

Tumour

A

The cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes. Also called a neoplasm

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15
Q

Cancer

A

The disease state associated with uncontrolled cellular growth. Key features include rapid, uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation

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16
Q

Top risk factors associated with cancer

A
  • genetics
  • smoking
  • lifestyle ( nutrition, obesity, exercise)
  • radiation (ionizing or UV)
  • carcinogens
  • hormones
  • age
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17
Q

3 main types of cancer treatments

A

Surgery
Chemo
Radiation

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18
Q

Prognosis

A

Likely course of the disease or the outcome

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19
Q

Remission

A

Signs of the disease are not evident

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20
Q

Refractory

A

Signs of the disease are not responding to treatment

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21
Q

Relapse

A

Returns after treatment

22
Q

In addition to treating the cancer, what are 2 other objectives in supporting the client.

A
  • minimize side effects

- promote healthy lifestyle

23
Q

Proliferation

A

.

24
Q

Mitosis

A

The most common form of cell division, in which the cells divide into two separate cells. The division of one cell resulting to genetically identical and equal daughter cells

25
Q

Differentiation

A

.

26
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression profiling in cancer. Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. … Gene expression profiling is a technique used in molecular biology to query the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

27
Q

Atrophy

A

State that occurs because of decreased work demand on his cell. One cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number

28
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Condition that occurs when cells increase in size and attempt to meet the bodies increased work to mad. This change may be a result of normal or abnormal changes

29
Q

Hyperplasia

A

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This increase occurs only in cells that have the ability to perform mitotic division, such as epithelial cells

30
Q

Neoplasia

A

the formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.

31
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that drains from the limp could pillories into larger vessels and ducts that empty into large veins at the base of the neck. The movement of limp occurs much in the same way that blood moves through veins, with the assistance of valves and movement

32
Q

Lymphatic vessel

A

.

33
Q

Lymph node

A

.

34
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

.

35
Q

Lymphatic trunks

A

.

36
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Interstitial fluid (ISF) or tissue fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid

37
Q

Metaplasia

A

The process of one adult so being replaced by another cell type

38
Q

Benign

A

Near normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal seller tumor. But I’m cells are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize

39
Q

Malignant

A

State of a tumour that is usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctioning cells that are reproducing rapidly. Malignant tumours often penetrate surrounding tissue and spread to secondary sites.

40
Q

Tumour markers

A

A tumor marker is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of cancer. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer.

41
Q

Biopsy

A

Histology and cytology, they take the cells out to look at them generally easy and open biopsy or needle biopsy

42
Q

Staging

A

What state you were in on a scale of 1 to 4.

Detect size, if lymph nodes are invited and metastasis

43
Q

Grading

A

On a scale of 1 to 4. Relating to the cells, has specialized is the cell?

44
Q

Metastasis

A

In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (primary cancer), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (metastatic tumors) in other parts of the body.

45
Q

Radiation

A

Nonselective, will kill any salad touches. Generally used for a local tumour

46
Q

Radiation side effects

A

Burns, cell damage/death, fatigue, bone marrow suppression, immunosuppression, radiation sickness

47
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Works on self as they multiply. Generally effects sells the multiply quickly

48
Q

Chemotherapy side effects

A

Many side effects go away a few may be irreversible.

-inflamed mucous membranes, change in appetite, skin changes, sterilization, pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, hair loss

49
Q

Hormone therapy

A

.

50
Q

Angiogenesis

A

the development of new blood vessels.

51
Q

Cure

A

relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a disease or condition

52
Q

What are three ways that malignant cells can spread?

A

Transcoelomic- spread by penetrating a body cavity.

Lymphatic spread – through the lymph system

Haematogenous spread - through the bloodstream

PATHO (12 decks)

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