Cell Function, lymphatic system & oncology Flashcards
Why do cells adapt?
To maintain homeostasis in the body
Name 5 types of cell adaption (5)
- hyperplasia
- hypoplasia (hypertrophy)
- atrophy
- metaphasia
- dysphasia
When a cell is injured and cannot be repaired, what is the outcome?
How does the body respond?
Cell death (apoptosis)
Cells shut down, shrink, and are sloughed off, phagocyte eats it
Ishemia
- When a cell is deprived of oxygen
- decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ. It essentially strangles the tissue or organ by limiting necessary nutrients and oxygen
What does necrosis mean? (Nekros)
“Dead body”
- a cells inability to survive due to the extent of damage
Gangrene
Infected dead tissue
Hard to treat because the bacteria keeps spreading and growing while killing tissue.
-A form of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by a combination of impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion
The part of a cells DNA that are used to make copies of the cell are called?
Genes
When a cell is damaged and the DNA in that cell is altered and that cell doesn’t die, these mutations are called what?
Oncogenes
Dysplasia
- Abnormal growth
- The final cellular adaptation, in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance
What is a promotor?
Clear divide when they are told to by a promotor
Neoplasm
- A mass of cells that form a growth
- A cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes, usually because of a mutation. Also called a tumour
Differentiation
- When a cell mutates so much that it loses its special function
- The process by which cells become specialized in terms of cell type, function, structure, and cell cycle.
Anaplasia
The loss of differentiation that occurs with cancer
The more anaplasia, the faster the cells divide
Tumour
The cellular growth that is no longer responding to normal regulatory processes. Also called a neoplasm
Cancer
The disease state associated with uncontrolled cellular growth. Key features include rapid, uncontrolled proliferation and loss of differentiation
Top risk factors associated with cancer
- genetics
- smoking
- lifestyle ( nutrition, obesity, exercise)
- radiation (ionizing or UV)
- carcinogens
- hormones
- age
3 main types of cancer treatments
Surgery
Chemo
Radiation
Prognosis
Likely course of the disease or the outcome
Remission
Signs of the disease are not evident
Refractory
Signs of the disease are not responding to treatment
Relapse
Returns after treatment
In addition to treating the cancer, what are 2 other objectives in supporting the client.
- minimize side effects
- promote healthy lifestyle
Proliferation
.
Mitosis
The most common form of cell division, in which the cells divide into two separate cells. The division of one cell resulting to genetically identical and equal daughter cells
Differentiation
.
Gene expression
Gene expression profiling in cancer. Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. … Gene expression profiling is a technique used in molecular biology to query the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.
Atrophy
State that occurs because of decreased work demand on his cell. One cellular work demands decrease, the cells decrease in size and number
Hypertrophy
Condition that occurs when cells increase in size and attempt to meet the bodies increased work to mad. This change may be a result of normal or abnormal changes
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. This increase occurs only in cells that have the ability to perform mitotic division, such as epithelial cells
Neoplasia
the formation or presence of a new, abnormal growth of tissue.
Lymph
Fluid that drains from the limp could pillories into larger vessels and ducts that empty into large veins at the base of the neck. The movement of limp occurs much in the same way that blood moves through veins, with the assistance of valves and movement
Lymphatic vessel
.
Lymph node
.
Lymphoid organs
.
Lymphatic trunks
.
Interstitial fluid
Interstitial fluid (ISF) or tissue fluid is a solution that bathes and surrounds the tissue cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid
Metaplasia
The process of one adult so being replaced by another cell type
Benign
Near normal, differentiated condition of a cell or tumor, which causes fewer problems than an abnormal seller tumor. But I’m cells are usually encapsulated and are unable to metastasize
Malignant
State of a tumour that is usually made up of undifferentiated, nonfunctioning cells that are reproducing rapidly. Malignant tumours often penetrate surrounding tissue and spread to secondary sites.
Tumour markers
A tumor marker is a biomarker found in blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated by the presence of one or more types of cancer. There are many different tumor markers, each indicative of a particular disease process, and they are used in oncology to help detect the presence of cancer.
Biopsy
Histology and cytology, they take the cells out to look at them generally easy and open biopsy or needle biopsy
Staging
What state you were in on a scale of 1 to 4.
Detect size, if lymph nodes are invited and metastasis
Grading
On a scale of 1 to 4. Relating to the cells, has specialized is the cell?
Metastasis
In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed (primary cancer), travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors (metastatic tumors) in other parts of the body.
Radiation
Nonselective, will kill any salad touches. Generally used for a local tumour
Radiation side effects
Burns, cell damage/death, fatigue, bone marrow suppression, immunosuppression, radiation sickness
Chemotherapy
Works on self as they multiply. Generally effects sells the multiply quickly
Chemotherapy side effects
Many side effects go away a few may be irreversible.
-inflamed mucous membranes, change in appetite, skin changes, sterilization, pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, hair loss
Hormone therapy
.
Angiogenesis
the development of new blood vessels.
Cure
relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a disease or condition
What are three ways that malignant cells can spread?
Transcoelomic- spread by penetrating a body cavity.
Lymphatic spread – through the lymph system
Haematogenous spread - through the bloodstream
