Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
Symptoms of GI disfunctions
Nausea and Vomiting diarrhea heartburn abdominal pain constipation fecal anorexia dysphasia achalasia GI bleeding GI incontinence
what are 2 special features of the stomach?
rugae
layers of muscle (longitudinal, circular & oblique)
Where does the majority of the digestion/absorptions take place in the GI track?
Small Intestines
what is being added in the stomach?
enzymes
what type of digestion takes place in the stomach
Mechanical- twisting of muscle
Chemical- Hydrochloric acid/mucus (goblet cells)/ enzymes
Where does the majority of the digestion/absorptions take place in the GI track?
Small Intestine
Three types of muscle in the GI tract
Oblique, longitudinal, circular
what are some modifiable risk factors that can irritate the stomach?
smoking
drinking
NSAIDS
stress
What are some un-modifiable risk factors that can irritate the stomach
autoimmune conditions h. pylori ** MOST COMMON trauma infection burns stress surgery
Gastritis
inflammation of a mucosal layer of the stomach
acute vs chronic gastritis
acute- almost overnight (mild to sever)
-feels like nausea and gastric pain
chronic-can take years to develop (smoking and drinking over the years can be mild or moderate)
severe can lead to GI bleeding
signs and symptoms of gastritis
indigestion heartburn epigastric pain nausea vomiting anorexia malase hematemesis (blood in puke) occult blood (blood in your poop) fever
how is gastritis diagnosed?
x ray, blood test, history, EGD, stool sample, tests for h. pylori,
how is gastritis treated
antacids
acid reducing acids (reduce production of acid)
avoid triggers (smoking drinking)
small frequent meals
TA role in gastritis
- encourage to take meds
- meal planning
- stress management
- encourage activity as tolerated
- monitor vital signs
What is peptic ulcer disease?
break in the mucosal lining
what areas of the GI tract are affected by peptic ulcer disease?
submucosal layer
erosion vs. ulceration
Erosion is a lesion that damages the mucosal layer
ulceration is when damage goes down into the submucosal l
what is the main risk factor for most ulcers
H. pylori
2 ways stress may contribute to peptic ulcers
physiological stress- burns or surgery
psyological stress- bad coping
what factors may be considered “ protective” for peptic ulcer disease?
eat lots of fruits and veggies
What are signs and symptoms in a client with peptic ulcer disease
gastric ulcer -increased pain with eating
Duodenum ulcer- decreased when eating
pain with pressure
4 goals of treatment for an ulcer
- Relief of pain, antibiotics
- Promotions of healing, antacid, H2 blocker, PPI, Proton, pump inhibitor
- Preventions of bleeding to death, obstructions,
- Preventions of recurrence, avoid coffee, exercise 3 times a week, don’t add over the counter medications with a prescriptions
greatest age at risk
60
Bleeding signs of an ulcer
pale, fatigue, brown blood in puke, Black blood in there poop
When is surgery necessary
to control bleeding
How do you diagnose peptic ulcer
xray, gastroscopy, H.pylori test
4 Layers of the digestive system
mucosal layer
submucosal layer
Muscle layer, Circular muscle that squeezes and longitudinal that moves stuff along
Serousa- Visceral layer, a covering
Large intestines roll
absorbs water
makes feces
added mucus
bacterial break down
Small intestines
absorptions of nutrient
What is the difference between the small and large intestine
Small intestine has villi and Large intestine does not
all absorptions happens in the small intestine
Large intestine just takes that waste and makes poop
What is the difference between internal and external schincter
internal in involuntary
external is voluntary
What keeps your intestines contained
peritoneum
3 reasons to have obstructive hernia
organic disease-illness or organisms
mechanical - defect or surgery
functional - spinal cord injury, electrical embalance
Hernia
protrusion of a part of an organ or tissue through a weakness in a structure
Five areas prone to hernias
…
the most common type of hernia?
inguinal
what are the signs and symptoms of a hernia?
pain,bump
pain made worse by change in position, bowel movement and heavy lifting
what is the greatest risk related to herniation?
strangulation**
how is a hernia diagnosed?
history, physical exam, x ray
how is a hernia treated?
watchful waiting
surgery (mesh, match up edges and sew)
describe the life of an intestinal cell
They pass though the tract and are sloughed off then pooped (about every 5 days)
function of the small intestine
absorb nutrients
add digestive enzymes
function of the large intestine
add bacteria to breakdown stuff, remove water
what is the outcome when there is inflammation and the villi cannot function properly?
cannot absorb nutrients and goes to the large intestine where is gets pooped out. also not creating mucus
haustra.
are they normal?
the grooves or pockets on the intestines. they are normal . they help move the stool along
although if there is enough inflammation you can loose the tone
name 2 conditions that fall under the umbrella of IBD
chrons disease
ulcerated cholitis
skip lesions
areas of inflamed irritated bowel with areas of normal bowel inbetween
how is IBD diagnosed
history
physical exam
diagnosis of exclusion
exclude symptoms until they figure out what it is.
- MRI
- X-ray
- Barium study
- endoscopy
- stool sample
- blood tests
- biposy
why is surgery a part of a treatment plan for IBD ( 3 reasons)
- ostomy formation and or bowel resection
- for complications (fistula or abscess)
- go in and remove an obstruction
what is a flare up?
describe the symptoms
the inflammatory phase of crohns or ulcerated colitis (mild to fulminant)
- inflammation = fever
- malaise
- weight loss (not getting needed nutrients)
- diarrhea
- cramping
- pain
4 treatments for IBD
medications for symptoms
-anti inflammatories
-anti diahreals (anti shits)
-anti spasmatics
medications for disease
diet and nutrition
ongoing monitoring
-monitor for cancer
-monitor for irritants and triggersOPTA role for IBD
journals
-food
-bathroom
encourage self monitoring
help promote positive coping
- positive body image
monitor hydration
monitor for abscesses and fistulas
asses for joint painhow are join pain/ arthritis related to IBD
about 1/4 they get arthritis.
idiopathic- maybe because they are both inflammatory problems
what is a syndrome?
a collection of symptoms to say that the bowel is irritated
What is IBS?
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine
IBD vs IBS
Irritable bowel syndrome
inflammatory bowel disease
cause vs. trigger
Cause- created a change or makes something happen
trigger- stimulus that creates a response (certain foods, stress)
common triggers
certain foods or chemicals, certain emotion(stress or depression), fatigue, smoking, alcohol,high fat and high fiber foods.
5 common symptoms of IBS?
- pain
- diarrhea
- constipation
- abdominal cramps
- bloating
why is there no diagnostic test for IBS? how is it diagnosed?
you need to meet certain criteria
- certain symptoms for a certain amount of time (3 months)
describe 3 techniques to manage IBS
- manage mental health (stress)
- lifestyle changes
- managing medications
OPTA role wit IBS
reinforce lifestyle changes
promote stress management
promote exercise
Crohns disease
anywhere in the digestive tract (gum to bum)
inflammation
commonly in the small intestine
the whole tube is inflamed (translumenal -all 3 layers)
ulcerated cholitis
inflammation of the colon (just the mucosal layer)
fistula
an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs.
fissures
small tear in the thin, moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus.
absess
a collection of pus
diverticulosis
use the terms mucosa, sub mucosa, herniate, muscular layer, colon, outpouching
the muscle wall weakens and everything follows, creating a pouch
diverticulosis vs diverticulitis
.
4 factors that contribute to diverticulitis
.
