renal and urologic structure

Question 1

upper urinary system

Answer 1

kidneys (form urine)
ureters (drains urine)

Question 2

lower urinary system

Answer 2

bladder (stores urine)
urethra (outflow of urine)

Question 3

kidneys

Answer 3

adrenal gland on top of each
hilus on medial side

Question 4

nephron

Answer 4

cortex and medulla (loop of Henle and collecting tubules)
main functional unit of the kidneys

Question 5

nephron function

Answer 5

tubular reabsorption, secretion, transport, and excretion
primary function = filtration

Question 6

ADH

Answer 6

secreted by the posterior pituitary
increase water permeability + reabsorption
decrease urine output

Question 7

Aldosterone

Answer 7

adrenal cortex
epithelia cells int he distal tubule + collecting duct to reabsorb sodium + excrete potassium

Question 8

Kidney function: regulate volume + make of ECF

Answer 8

glomerular: blood filtered by hydrostatic pressure
normal >90
tubular: reabsorption (tubules to capillaries); secretion (capillaries to tubules)
secrete H+

Question 9

Kidney function: excrete waste

Answer 9

filtration, reabsorption, secretion
form urine (glomerulus filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion)

Question 10

Kidney function: control BP and RBC production

Answer 10

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
RBC: erythropoietin
decrease renal blood flow

Question 11

Activate Vit D

Answer 11

convert form food/sun to active form that body needs

Question 12

Acid-base balance

Answer 12

bicarbonate reabsorb
H+ secreted

Question 13

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 13

normal 10-20 mg/dL

Question 14

Creatinine (Cr)

Answer 14

normal 0.5-1.2 mg/dL

Question 15

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 15

normal >90
changes with age
decrease when older

Question 16

Renal/urologic concerns: urinary tract obstruction

Answer 16

interference with the flow of urine (stones)
severity by location and duration

Question 17

Hydroureter

Answer 17

much urine in ureter

Question 18

Hydronephrosis

Answer 18

enlarge renal pelvis

Question 19

ureterohydronephrosis

Answer 19

dilation of renal pelvis + ureter

Question 20

Renal/urologic concerns: renal insufficiency (lower)

Answer 20

altered storing and emptying
neurogenic bladder (spinal cord)
obstruction (tumor/prostate)

Question 21

acute renal failure

Answer 21

rapid decline in GFR
alteration in secretion or reabsorption
elevated BUN, CR, oliguria (urine output <30 ml/h or <400 ml/day)

Question 22

Pre-renal

Answer 22

most common

Question 23

Intrarenal acute renal failure

Answer 23

acute tubular necrosis is the most common cause

Question 24

postrenal ARF

Answer 24

with UTO that effects both kidneys

Question 25

initiation phase

Answer 25

oliguric <30 ml/h, <400 ml/day for 1-3 weeks
increase BUN + Cr

Question 26

Maintenance phase

Answer 26

diuresis-damage nephron
increase urine output
>600 ml/day

Question 27

Recovery phase

Answer 27

3-12 months
function returns
BUN+Cr return to WNL

Question 28

Acute Renal Failure Reasons

Answer 28

drug toxicity (antibiotics, NSAID)
hemodynamic: shock, liver failure; infection

Question 29

Chronic Renal Failure Reasons

Answer 29

diabetes, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis

Question 30

Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 30

irreversible loss of renal function that effects nearly all organ systems

Question 31

Anatomical changes (age)

Answer 31

70s: 50% loss of functioning glomeruli

Question 32

Physical changes (age)

Answer 32

decrease renal blood flow
decrease GFR, CrCl
Increase BUN + Cr
decrease ability to concentrate urine
altered excretion of water, NA, K, acid