Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
Electrolyte concentration change impacts
nerve and muscle cells
Insensible fluid loss
difficult to measure, loss from skin and lungs, humidity and respiration rate - breathing with mouth open
Sensible fluid loss
easy to measure
urine, feces, wound drainage
Intracellular fluid
found inside the cell
2/3 of total body water
Extracellular fluid
found outside the cell
1/3 of total body water
Interstitial fluid
between cells + outside blood vessels
Intravascular fluid
blood plasma
inside blood vessels
lymph + transcellular fluids
sweat, urine
fluid around joints and organs
Passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Diffusion
solutes from high to low concentration
Osmosis
water across a selectively permeable membrane low to high
Filtration
water and solutes high hydrostatic pressure to lower
Active transport
ATP is facilitate movement across the cell membrane
Fluid osmolality depends on
the concentration of dissolved particles
sodium the most abundant
Osmotic force
pressure created because 2 solutions have different concentrations and separated by a selectively permeable membrane
Pitting edema
-press into the skin and it stays
-cut off circulation and blood flow
-excess interstitial fluid
Pitting edema caus
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
loss of plasma proteins
obstruction of lymphatic circulation
increase capillary permeability
increase capillary hydrostatic pressure
prolonged sitting/standing
kidney disease
pregnancy
can’t maintain pressure
loss of plasma proteins
albumin
colloidal osmotic pressure
globulin
fibrinogen
obstruction of lymphatic circulation
extra fluid and protein are returned to circulation
tumor/lymph nide removal
increase capillary permeability
localized edema
increase permeability and fluid movement into SI
proteins increase osmotic pressure
generalized edema
increase body weight
decrease rom
heart and lung impairment
Dehydration
inadequate intake or excessive loss
electrolyte imbalance
isotonic
proportionate loss
hypotonic
loss more electrolyte
hypertonic
loss more fluid
dehydration cause
vomiting and diarrhea
sweating
dehydration effects
decrease skin turgor
electrolytes
fluid volume deficits stimulates
baroreceptors
volume sensitive receptors
What is the control center for thirst
hypothalamus
ADH
made in hypothalamus
makes kidneys increase the reabsorption of water
anti-diuretic
Aldosterone
adrenal cortex
increase blood volume
effects sodium reabsorption and ECF volume
water follows
salt
what is water balance regulated by
adh
what is sodium balance regulated by
aldosterone
sodium
primary extracellular fluid cation, nerve
what happens to blood pressure with sodium levels
blood pressure increases when sodium increases
normal sodium levels
135 mEq/L - 145 mEq/L
hyponatremia
diuretic on low salt diets
too much water (need salt)
hypernatremia
eat too much
losing water faster than sodium
chloride (cl-)
hangs out with sodium
electro neutrality
maintain acid-base balance
calcium
required for muscle contractions (heart)
essential for blood clotting
potassium
inside cell
potassium normal
3.5-5 meq/L
abnormal = cardiac conduction
potassium hypo abnormal
excessive loss (GI), diuretic drug
decrease intake
potassium hyper abnormal
crush injury, burns, muscle injury
renal failure
acidosis
treatment of hyperkalemia
calcium salt (calcium chloride)
increase K in heart
INSULIN
isotonic contraction
total body water changes proportional to electrolyte
depletion (FVD)
bleeding + excessive sweating
weight loss
decrease BP
decrease urine
dehydration
excess (FVE)
excessive IV fluids
weight gain
neck vein distension
edema
hypertonic contractions
greater salty than norm
give hypotonic fluid (unsalty)
hypotonic contractions
less salty than norm
give hypertonic fluid (salty)
fluid therapy
maintain fluid balance
electrolyte replacement
hypotonic fluid shift
from intravascular to cells (expand and hydrates cell)
isotonic fluid shift
none
helps expand extracellular fluid
hypertonic fluid shift
fluid into the blood plasma by moving fluid out of tissue cell
