acid-base balance

Question 1

Normal body fluid pH

Answer 1

7.35-7.45

Question 2

acidosis

Answer 2

pH less than 7.35
more H+ ions are present
H+ ions accumulate in ECF
K+ shifts our of the cell and into ECF (blood)

Question 3

Alkalosis

Answer 3

pH greater than 7.45
less H+ ions are present
H_ ions accumulate in ICF
K+ shifts into the cell

Question 4

control of serum pH

Answer 4

buffer pairs circulating in the blood, the respiratory system can alter CO2 by changing respiratory rate, kidneys modify the excretion rate of acid (most significant but takes the longer)

Question 5

acids

Answer 5

end product of protein, carbs, fat metabolism
too maintain pH the H+ must be neutralized or excreted

Question 6

Buffer systems

Answer 6

combination of weak acid + alkaline salt - collects or releases H+ ions
sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system

Question 7

Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system

Answer 7

composed of carbonic acid
lungs: form CO2 -> expires with water (reduce acid)
kidneys: modifies excretion rate of acid + production/absorption rate of bicarbonate ions

Question 8

Bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio for balance

Answer 8

20:1

Question 9

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate pair

Answer 9

decrease bicarb and pH = acidosis
return to normal if carbonic acid decrease (compensation)

Question 10

respiratory rate compensates

Answer 10

for the renal system by increasing or decrease ventilation

Question 11

renal system compensates

Answer 11

for the respiratory system by acidic or alkaline urine

Question 12

PaCO2

Answer 12

adequacy of alveolar ventilation

Question 13

HCO3

Answer 13

kidneys ability to reabsorb or excrete bicarbonate ions

Question 14

PaO2

Answer 14

oxygenation of blood

Question 15

Acidosis

Answer 15

excess hydrogen ions
decrease in serum pH

Question 16

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 16

increase CO2 levels
acute: obstruction + drugs
chronic: mild
treatment: treat the cause but establish airways

Question 17

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 17

decrease in bicarbonate ions
diarrhea, renal disease
altered breathing, the lungs regulate 1st then kidneys
treat the cause and give sodium bicarbonate

Question 18

Alkalosis

Answer 18

deficit of H+ ions
increase in serum pH

Question 19

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 19

decrease CO2 levels
hyperventilation

Question 20

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 20

loss of H+ through kidneys and GI track
by increase in serum bicarb ions
irritability, confusion
treat the cause

Question 21

metabolic component

Answer 21

bicarb
normal 22-26 mm Hg
<22 = acid
>26 = alk

Question 22

respiratory component

Answer 22

PaCO2
normal: 35-45 mm Hg
<35 alk
>45 acid

Question 23

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 23

elevation of PCO2 because ventilatory depression

Question 24

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 24

decrease of PCo2 because alveolar hyperventilation

Question 25

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 25

decrease of HCO3 - or increase non-carbonic acid

Question 26

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 26

increase HCO3- because excessive loss of metabolic acids

Question 27

effects of acidosis

Answer 27

impaired nervous system function (headache)
compensation: deep rapid breathing; secretion of urine with low pH

Question 28

treatment of imbalance

Answer 28

addition of bicarb to the blood to reverse acidosis

Question 29

compensation

Answer 29

limited, short term, doesn’t remove the cause of imbalance
balance relative proportion of H+ & bicarb ion circulation

Question 30

decompensation

Answer 30

requires intervention to maintain homeostasis
life threatening

Question 31

balance measurement

Answer 31

PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L
PaO2: 80-100 mm Hg

Question 32

Interpret ABG Results

Answer 32

1. evaluate oxygenation by examining PaO2
2. Evaluate the pH
3. Evaluate PaCO2
4. Evaluate HCO3