Renal and Urologic Pathology

Question 1

What does the Nephron do?

Answer 1

filter and re-absorb fluid; maintains body fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH

Question 2

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

Answer 2

20%

Question 3

What is the standard amount of urinary output per day?

Answer 3

1.5 L/day

Question 4

What is a normal Glomerular Filtration Rate?

Answer 4

.7-1.3 for men and .6-1.1 for women

Question 5

What is the best overall estimate of renal function?

Answer 5

the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Question 6

What is the relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and GFR?

Answer 6

it is an inverse relationship

Question 7

What does BUN stand for?

Answer 7

blood urea nitrogen

Question 8

What is a urinalysis?

Answer 8

a specific test looking for unusual items in urine such as WBC or bacteria

Question 9

How do diuretic cause retention of water in urine

Answer 9

they inhibit NA uptake so more water remains in tubule and urine

Question 10

What are the possible infections of the renal system?

Answer 10

UTI and Pyelonephritis

Question 11

What are the possible cancers of the renal system?

Answer 11

Renal Cell Carcinoma and Bladder Cancer

Question 12

What are some other pathologies of the renal system not including infection and cancer?

Answer 12

Renal Cystic Disease; Renal Calculi; Chronic Renal Failure; Glomerulonephritis; Neurogenic; Urinary Incontinence

Question 13

What are symptoms of Urethritis?

Answer 13

inflammation/pain at urethral opening and painful urination

Question 14

What are symptoms of cystitis (bladder infection)?

Answer 14

Suprapubic Pain, LBP, Flank Pain, Dysuria, Urinary frequency/urgency, cloudy/bloody urine

Question 15

What symptoms suggest kidney infection?

Answer 15

localized back pain around kidney, high fever and chills, nausea/vomiting

Question 16

What are treatment options for a UTI or kidney infection?

Answer 16

antiobiotics, increase fluids, lactobacillus acidophilus;

Question 17

What is the most common type of renal cancer?

Answer 17

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 18

What are the signs and symptoms of a renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 18

bloody urine, flank pain, palpable mass, HTN, hyperthyroidism

Question 19

What are the common mestastasis sites for RCC?

Answer 19

lungs and skeleton

Question 20

What are the treatment options for a renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 20

radiographic imaging, surgical removal of tumor

Question 21

What puts an individual at greater risk for developing a renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 21

smoking, obesity, HTN, no fruits and veggies, excessive red meat,

Question 22

What are the signs and symptoms of bladder cancer?

Answer 22

hematuria, frequency, urgency, dysuria

Question 23

What are the treatment options for someone with bladder cancer?

Answer 23

resection of pelvic lymph nodes; radiation/chemo, cystectomy, transplant

Question 24

What are kidney stones?

Answer 24

masses of crystals/proteins that cause flank pain accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and hematuria

Question 25

What are common causes of kidney stones?

Answer 25

chronic dehydration, obestiy, sleeping on one side, excessiv calcium/sodium, sucrose

Question 26

What are the two types of renal failure and which is reversible?

Answer 26

Acute and Chronic with acute being reversible

Question 27

What are the indications of Chronic Renal Failure?

Answer 27

uremia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, HTN, decreased urine output

Question 28

What are the stages of renal failure?

Answer 28

diminished renal reserve; renal insufficiency; renal failure; end-stage renal disease

Question 29

Hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 29

Hemo: 3x per week for 3-4 hrs. peri: 3x/daily patients are both immunosuppressed so at risk for infection

Question 30

What can dialysis do to BP?

Answer 30

hyper before and hypo after

Question 31

What can dialysis do to in relation to neuropathy?

Answer 31

improve sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy

Question 32

What are PT considerations for CRF?

Answer 32

decreased VO2 max, anemia, fatigue, muscle wasting,

Question 33

What exercise levels are recommended for CRF?

Answer 33

most improvement with: 40-70% THR 3x/week

Question 34

What is spastic bladder dysfunction?

Answer 34

functional urinary tract obstruction secondary to neurologic injury

Question 35

What is Flaccid Bladder Dysfunction?

Answer 35

can be seen in spina bifida, cauda equina, and similar disorders

Question 36

What are the signs and symptoms of a neurogenic bladder?

Answer 36

burning sensation, not pain, infection

Question 37

What are the various types of incontinence?

Answer 37

functional, overflow, stress, urge

Question 38

What is functional incontinence?

Answer 38

normal control but difficulty getting to toilet (decreased locomotion)

Question 39

What is overflow incontinence?

Answer 39

dribbling with a constantly full bladder (occurs with obstruction to urinary outlet)

Question 40

What is stress incontinence?

Answer 40

uncontrollable voiding when intravesical pressure > extravessicle pressure (giggle incontinence) (weakness)

Question 41

What is urge incontinence?

Answer 41

sudden and uncontrollable need to void (spastic bladder)