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Med Con Final > Renal and Urologic Pathology > Flashcards

Renal and Urologic Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Nephron do?

A

filter and re-absorb fluid; maintains body fluid volume, electrolyte composition, and pH

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2
Q

How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

20%

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3
Q

What is the standard amount of urinary output per day?

A

1.5 L/day

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4
Q

What is a normal Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

.7-1.3 for men and .6-1.1 for women

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5
Q

What is the best overall estimate of renal function?

A

the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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6
Q

What is the relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and GFR?

A

it is an inverse relationship

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7
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

blood urea nitrogen

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8
Q

What is a urinalysis?

A

a specific test looking for unusual items in urine such as WBC or bacteria

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9
Q

How do diuretic cause retention of water in urine

A

they inhibit NA uptake so more water remains in tubule and urine

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10
Q

What are the possible infections of the renal system?

A

UTI and Pyelonephritis

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11
Q

What are the possible cancers of the renal system?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma and Bladder Cancer

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12
Q

What are some other pathologies of the renal system not including infection and cancer?

A

Renal Cystic Disease; Renal Calculi; Chronic Renal Failure; Glomerulonephritis; Neurogenic; Urinary Incontinence

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13
Q

What are symptoms of Urethritis?

A

inflammation/pain at urethral opening and painful urination

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14
Q

What are symptoms of cystitis (bladder infection)?

A

Suprapubic Pain, LBP, Flank Pain, Dysuria, Urinary frequency/urgency, cloudy/bloody urine

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15
Q

What symptoms suggest kidney infection?

A

localized back pain around kidney, high fever and chills, nausea/vomiting

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16
Q

What are treatment options for a UTI or kidney infection?

A

antiobiotics, increase fluids, lactobacillus acidophilus;

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17
Q

What is the most common type of renal cancer?

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a renal cell carcinoma?

A

bloody urine, flank pain, palpable mass, HTN, hyperthyroidism

19
Q

What are the common mestastasis sites for RCC?

A

lungs and skeleton

20
Q

What are the treatment options for a renal cell carcinoma?

A

radiographic imaging, surgical removal of tumor

21
Q

What puts an individual at greater risk for developing a renal cell carcinoma?

A

smoking, obesity, HTN, no fruits and veggies, excessive red meat,

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bladder cancer?

A

hematuria, frequency, urgency, dysuria

23
Q

What are the treatment options for someone with bladder cancer?

A

resection of pelvic lymph nodes; radiation/chemo, cystectomy, transplant

24
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

masses of crystals/proteins that cause flank pain accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and hematuria

25
Q

What are common causes of kidney stones?

A

chronic dehydration, obestiy, sleeping on one side, excessiv calcium/sodium, sucrose

26
Q

What are the two types of renal failure and which is reversible?

A

Acute and Chronic with acute being reversible

27
Q

What are the indications of Chronic Renal Failure?

A

uremia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, HTN, decreased urine output

28
Q

What are the stages of renal failure?

A

diminished renal reserve; renal insufficiency; renal failure; end-stage renal disease

29
Q

Hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis?

A

Hemo: 3x per week for 3-4 hrs.
peri: 3x/daily

patients are both immunosuppressed so at risk for infection

30
Q

What can dialysis do to BP?

A

hyper before and hypo after

31
Q

What can dialysis do to in relation to neuropathy?

A

improve sensory and motor peripheral neuropathy

32
Q

What are PT considerations for CRF?

A

decreased VO2 max, anemia, fatigue, muscle wasting,

33
Q

What exercise levels are recommended for CRF?

A

most improvement with: 40-70% THR 3x/week

34
Q

What is spastic bladder dysfunction?

A

functional urinary tract obstruction secondary to neurologic injury

35
Q

What is Flaccid Bladder Dysfunction?

A

can be seen in spina bifida, cauda equina, and similar disorders

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a neurogenic bladder?

A

burning sensation, not pain, infection

37
Q

What are the various types of incontinence?

A

functional, overflow, stress, urge

38
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

normal control but difficulty getting to toilet (decreased locomotion)

39
Q

What is overflow incontinence?

A

dribbling with a constantly full bladder (occurs with obstruction to urinary outlet)

40
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

uncontrollable voiding when intravesical pressure > extravessicle pressure (giggle incontinence) (weakness)

41
Q

What is urge incontinence?

A

sudden and uncontrollable need to void (spastic bladder)

Med Con Final (6 decks)

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