Genitourinary Pathology

Question 1

What are the male reproductive glands?

Answer 1

prostate; testes; epididymis; vas deferens; seminal vesicles; scrotum; enis

Question 2

What is the purpose of the testes?

Answer 2

production of gametes and sex hormones

Question 3

What is the purpose of epididymis?

Answer 3

conducts sperms from the efferent tubules to the vas deferens

Question 4

What is the purpose of the scrotum?

Answer 4

protects the testes, epididymides, and spermatic cord

Question 5

What is the purpose of the penis?

Answer 5

deliver of sperm to the female vagina and urination

Question 6

What are the various pathologies of the male reproductive system?

Answer 6

prostatitis; benign prostatic hyperplasia; prostate cancer; orchitis; epididymitis; testicular torsion & cancer; impotence

Question 7

What are the forms of prostatitis?

Answer 7

acute/chronic; bacterial/non-bacterial

Question 8

What differentiates prostatitis from cancer?

Answer 8

presence of pain and presents in a younger population (primarily under 45)

Question 9

How is prostatitis diagnosed?

Answer 9

urinalysis, specimen analysis

Question 10

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Answer 10

a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland via hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 11

What are the signs and symptoms of BPH?

Answer 11

at night, start/stop; weak flow; not complete empty

Question 12

What should we do if there is unexplained pain in the low back, pelvis, hip or upper thigh?

Answer 12

consider medical referral

Question 13

What are common mestastases of prostate cancer?

Answer 13

brain, bone, lung, liver, lymph

Question 14

What is the most common cancer in men?

Answer 14

prostate cancer

Question 15

What is used for early detection of prostate cancer?

Answer 15

DRE and PSA serum

Question 16

What does the enlarged prostate impinge upon?

Answer 16

pinches the tube that carries urine

Question 17

Do Benign hyperplasia and cancer present with urinary obstruction?

Answer 17

yes, but later on for cancer

Question 18

What population is BPH most common in?

Answer 18

50 or older black American tobacco user

Question 19

What population is most at risk for prostate cancer?

Answer 19

50 or older black american/scandanavian who drink, has a high fat diet, and family history

Question 20

What are orchitis and epdidymitis?

Answer 20

inflammatory conditions of testes and epididymis that are usually bacterial

Question 21

Where will pain present with orchitis and epididymitis?

Answer 21

Orchitis: local or lower abdominal pain
Epididymitis: local or lower abdominal pain; groin or hip adductor muscles

Question 22

What is testicular torsion?

Answer 22

abnormal twisting of spermatic cord as testes that requires surgery

Question 23

What are the signs and symptoms of testicular torsion?

Answer 23

abrupt pain; scrotal swelling; N&V; tachycardia; painless enlargement of testicle; lumbar pain

Question 24

Is testicular cancer more common in white or black men?

Answer 24

white men and most tumors are germ cell tumors

Question 25

If testicular cancer metastasizes to the lung what will S&S be?

Answer 25

cough, dyspnea, blood sputum

Question 26

What are the various female reproductive structures?

Answer 26

vagina; cervix; uterus; fallopian tubes; ovaries

Question 27

What is the cervix?

Answer 27

the neck of the uterus projecting into the vagina?

Question 28

What is the uterus?

Answer 28

a muscular organ that anchors and protects fertilized ovum

Question 29

What do the fallopian tubes do?

Answer 29

conduct ova from spaces around the ovaries and uterus

Question 30

What may cancer in the female reproductive system present with?

Answer 30

abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, LBP, urinary disturbance; abnormal swelling; GI disturbances

Question 31

What are the S&S of endometriosis?

Answer 31

pain; inflammation; infertility; rectal bleeding; fatigue

Question 32

What are the S&S of ovarian cancer?

Answer 32

is a silent disease; bloating; discomfort; fatigue; flatulence; gastritis; LBP; family history

Question 33

How is endometriosis diagnosed?

Answer 33

laparoscopy/laparotomy; US; MRI

Question 34

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Answer 34

US and Cervical smear

Question 35

What are treatment options of ovarian cancer?

Answer 35

surgery; chemo;

Question 36

What is a laparoscopy?

Answer 36

used to view the contents of the abdomen or pelvis

Question 37

What are the four types of ovarian cystic disease?

Answer 37

functional (follicular, luteal); endometiral; neoplastic; ovary syndrome

Question 38

What are the S&S of ovarian cystic disease?

Answer 38

abdominal pressure; pain; bloating; painful urination; bowel movements; chronic pelvic pain; groin; buttock

Question 39

What are the manifestatios of polycystic ovary syndrome? (PCOS)?

Answer 39

obesity; prominent hair; severe acne; thinning hair; infertility; dysmenorrhea; fibrocystic breasts

Question 40

How is ovarian cystic disease diagnosed?

Answer 40

pelvic exam; US; laparoscopy; labs

Question 41

What are S&S of uterine fibroids?

Answer 41

pain, increased bleeding, urinary frequency

Question 42

What are S&S of uterine cancer?

Answer 42

abnormal bleeding; possible LE swelling

Question 43

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

Answer 43

pap smear, sentinel lymph node assessment, CT scan

Question 44

What are S&S of ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 44

lower abdominal quadrant/pelvic pain; kehr's sign, irregular bleeding

Question 45

What are the effects of pregnancy?

Answer 45

relaxin, COG shift, Pressure on vascular structures; increased cardiac demand/output; increased need for folic acid

Question 46

What is primary dysmenorrhea?

Answer 46

excessive endometrial protaglandin production that presents with pelvic pain and onset of menses, backache, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, syncope

Question 47

What causes PMS?

Answer 47

selective serotonin re-uptake that allows serotonin to act for an extended time

Question 48

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer 48

infection caused by microbes ascending through cervix to infect uterus

Question 49

What indicates infective agents of PID?

Answer 49

Increased WBC; erythrocyte; sedimentation rate

Question 50

What are the three types of tissue in the breasts?

Answer 50

fat, fibrous connective tissue, glandular tissue

Question 51

What are the disorders of the breast?

Answer 51

fibrocystic disease and fibroadenoma

Question 52

What are the S&S of fibrocystic disease?

Answer 52

cysts, fibrous tissue, pain and tenderness

Question 53

What are the S&S of breast cancer?

Answer 53

painless lump; dimpling/retraction of breast tissue; nipple discharge; rash or ulceration; palpable lymph nodes in axilla

Question 54

What is gynecomastia?

Answer 54

man boobs