Endocrine Pathology

Question 1

What are the various Pituitary Syndromes?

Answer 1

gigantism; dwarfism; acromegaly; diabetes insipidus

Question 2

What are the various thyroid syndromes?

Answer 2

hyper/hypothyroidism; thyroiditis; thyroid cancer

Question 3

What are the various Parathyroid syndromes?

Answer 3

hyper/hypoparathyroidism

Question 4

What are the various adrenal syndromes?

Answer 4

addison’s; cushing’s; conn’s

Question 5

What are the various pancreatic syndromes?

Answer 5

diabetes mellitus Type I and II

Question 6

What is gigantism?

Answer 6

overgrowth of long bones via GH excess during childhood

Question 7

What causes dwarfism?

Answer 7

too little GH production

Question 8

What causes acromegaly?

Answer 8

too much GH during adulthood

Question 9

What are the treatment options for acromegaly?

Answer 9

radiation, surgical removal of pituitary; hormone replacement

Question 10

What is a common complaint of a patient with acromegaly?

Answer 10

bone/backpain due to calcification of anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 11

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 11

disorder of the post. pituitary causing an ADH deficiency

Question 12

What are common S&S of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 12

polydipsia; polyuria/nocturia; dehydration

Question 13

Neurogenic vs. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 13

Neuro: defect synthesis or release of ADH
Nephro: kidneys don’t respond to ADH (excessive urination leading to excessive thirst)

Question 14

Diabetes insipidus vs mellitus?

Answer 14

Insipidus: pituitary gland; dehydration; ADH deficiency
Mellitus: pancreas; insulin insufficient; increased appetite

Question 15

What are the PT implications of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 15

increased BP; GI Irritability; contraction of smooth vascular muscle

Question 16

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 16

imbalance caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone (graves); will present with protruding eyes (exopthalmos)

Question 17

What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 17

heat intolerance; will look like a student during finals (up all night, too much coffee, restless, nervous, anxiety, palpitations)

Question 18

What will hyperthyroidism do to vital signs?

Answer 18

it will increase them (bp, HR, RR)

Question 19

What is the pathway of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 19

hypothalamus cascades down through pituitary gland to decrease TSH causing excess T3 and normal T4

Question 20

What are treatment options for hyperthyroidism?

Answer 20

radiation; surgery; hormone replacement and beta blockers

Question 21

What are the PT implications of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 21

slow and gradual exercise progression, calcific tendonitis; tremors; nervousness; palpitations

Question 22

What can hypothyroidism do to metabolism?

Answer 22

decrease it

Question 23

How can hypothyroidism be diagnosed?

Answer 23

blood test (increased TSH; decreased T4)

Question 24

What is deficient with hypothyroidism?

Answer 24

deficient T4 with normal T3

Question 25

What is goiter?

Answer 25

enlarged thyroid gland to compensate for insufficient hormone production

Question 26

How can we differentiate between hyper/hypothyroidism?

Answer 26

hyper: presents with increased metabolism; excess iodine Hypo: decreased metabolism; iodine deficiency

Question 27

What is rhabdomyolosis?

Answer 27

breakdown of muscle tissue, releasing damaging proteins into blood leading to renal failure because kidneys can't process proteins

Question 28

What should we do if there is suspicion of thyroid cancer?

Answer 28

refer to physician

Question 29

What are the various forms of hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 29

primary, secondary, tertiary

Question 30

What happens if our kidneys can't keep up with blood calcium?

Answer 30

kidney stones and greater risk for osteoporosis

Question 31

What is osteogenic synovitis? asssociated pathology?

Answer 31

CA deposits in muscle fibers (achilles and triceps); hyperparathyroidism

Question 32

What is trosseaus?

Answer 32

swan neck of the arm

Question 33

What is chvostek sign?

Answer 33

irritability of facial nerve causing eye twitch and half smile and tingling around mouth/fingertips/feet

Question 34

What does hypoparathyroidism do to calcium?

Answer 34

causes it to stay in the bone decreasing amount in the blood

Question 35

What does primary adrenal insufficiency cause?

Answer 35

addison's disease; decreased glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoid, and androgen

Question 36

How will adrenal insufficiency present?

Answer 36

craving for salty food because we aren't saving any aldosterone; pigmentation from MSH increase

Question 37

What gland stimulates the adrenal gland?

Answer 37

pituitary

Question 38

What differentiates hyperthyroidism and addison's?

Answer 38

different glands and pigmentation (addisons) | similarity: weight loss, sweating, fatigue

Question 39

What are the three main conditions of adrenocortical hyperfunction?

Answer 39

cushing: cortisol excess conn: aldosterone excess adrenal hyperplasia

Question 40

What is cushing syndrome

Answer 40

``` glucocorticoid excess (cortisol) causes overstimulation of adrenal gland due to excess ACTH ```

Question 41

What characteristics are associated with cushings?

Answer 41

long term corticosteroid use and moon/rounded face; dowers hump; weight gain; LE unproportional

Question 42

What can Conn's syndrome lead to?

Answer 42

water in the blood (HBP, stroke, renal damage)

Question 43

What are normal glucose levels?

Answer 43

80-120 | 60-100 for children

Question 44

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer 44

mental alertness; irritability; confusion

Question 45

What are the various metabolic disorders?

Answer 45

paget's disease; PKU; wilson's disease; metabolic syndrome; obesity; porphyria

Question 46

What is paget's disease?

Answer 46

bone being put down is weak and misshapen; characterized by deep pain at night with possible CN8

Question 47

What can PT do for paget's disease?

Answer 47

improve muscle strength; low to no impact weight bearing

Question 48

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Answer 48

diagnosed in newborn infants; causes seizures; it a gene coding mutation

Question 49

What test is used to diagnose PKU?

Answer 49

guthrie test

Question 50

What are the characteristics of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 50

central obesity (40 males and 35 males); HBP; high triglycerides; low HDL; insulin resistance

Question 51

BMI for obesity?

Answer 51

greater than 30%

Question 52

What are surgical options for obesity?

Answer 52

gastroplasty; gastric bypass; vagal nerve block