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Final Exam Human Phys > Renal And Urinary System Pt.2 > Flashcards

Renal And Urinary System Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid balance needs to be kept in ___________

A

Equilibrium

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2
Q

Water is lost through ____________ and gained by _____________

A

-Urine and feces
-Food and drinks

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3
Q

Kidneys cannot _______ lost volume they can only __________

A

-Restore
-Conserve fluid

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4
Q

How can water be conserved?

A

Via the kidney to partially compensate for dehydration

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5
Q

Volume loss can only be replaced by _____________ from outside the body

A

Fluid input

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6
Q

Fluid balance can be disrupted by ___________

A

Volume and osmolarity

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7
Q

Fluid balance can be disrupted by (volume) ___________

A

Too little or too much blood in the vessels

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8
Q

Fluid balance can be disrupted by (osmolarity) ___________

A

Too little or too much salt content of blood

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9
Q

What physiological mechanisms address fluid regulation?

A
  1. Vasopressin
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Natriuretic peptides
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10
Q

Vasopressin is a __________ that stimulates __________

A

-Antidiuretic hormone,ADH
-Water reabsorption

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11
Q

Aldosterone stimulates ______________

A

Na+ reabsorption

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12
Q

Natriuretic peptides promote ____________

A

Na+ and water excretion

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13
Q

Vasopressin is stimulated by _____________

A

Low blood volume or high osmolarity

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14
Q

In vasopressin decreased blood pressure is sensed by __________ and high osmolarity is sensed by __________

A

-Carotid and aortic baroreceptors
-Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

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15
Q

Vasopressin is produced in the ____________ and released from the ________________

A

-Hypothalamus
-Posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Vasopressin makes the collecting duct epithelium _________

A

Permeable to water

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17
Q

Vasopressin does what to make the collecting duct epithelium permeable to water

A

-Binds membrane receptor
-Inserts aquaporins (water pores) into membrane

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18
Q

Vasopressin has a graded effect meaning….

A

It matches urine concentration to the body’s need

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19
Q

Aldosterone controls ___________

A

Sodium balance

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20
Q

Aldosterone is produced as part of _____________

A

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

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21
Q

Aldosterone increases ____________ at the _____________

A

-Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
-Renal collecting duct

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22
Q

Aldosterone synthesizes __________________

A

New ion channels/pumps (EX.Na+/K+ATPase) and increases activity of existing pumps

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23
Q

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is

A

A complex regulator of blood pressure/fluid

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24
Q

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is stimulated by ________

A

The drop of blood pressure

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25
Q

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is stimulated by blood pressure drop via

A
  1. Sympathetic stimulation from cardiovascular center (receiving signals from carotid/aortic baroreceptors)
  2. Paracrine feedback from macula densa cells
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26
Q

What are the effect of angiotensin II ?

A
  1. Stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex, increasing Na+ reabsorption
  2. Increases vasopressin secretion
  3. Stimulates thirst
  4. Causes widespread vasoconstriction
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27
Q

Natriuretic peptides promote _________ , ____________

A

-Na+ and water excretion
-Decreasing BP

28
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced in

A

Atrial myocardial cells

29
Q

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced in

A

Ventricular myocardial cells and some neurons

30
Q

Natriuretic peptides respond to increased stretch in the

A

Atrium and ventricle

31
Q

When natriuretic peptides respond to increased stretch in the atrium/ventricle. What are the effects?

A
  1. Dilate afferent arterioles, increasing GFR
  2. Decrease Na+ reabsorption in collecting ducts
  3. Suppress RAS
32
Q

Acids are formed as ______________

A

End products of protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

33
Q

To maintain the body’s normal pH (7.35-7.45) ________________

A

H+ must be neutralized or excreted

34
Q

Acid-base balance is regulated to maintain a normal pH (7.35 to 7.45) . Via what mechanisms?

A
  1. Chemical buffer systems
  2. Lungs: eliminate CO2
  3. Kidneys: eliminate H+, reabsorb HCO3−
35
Q

Chemical buffer systems react _________________

A

Within seconds in response to hydrogen ion concentration (EX. bicarbonate buffer system)

36
Q

If blood too acidic, the chemical buffer system can _______

A

Incorporate extra protons into buffer system

37
Q

If blood too basic, the chemical buffer system can _______

A

Release protons from buffer system

38
Q

The chemical buffer system works to protect against ________

A

Major pH shifts until respiratory/rental systems are activated

39
Q

The respiratory buffer system balances ________________

A

pH by regulation excretion of CO2

40
Q

If blood too acidic, the respiratory buffer system ____________

A

Increases respiration and the loss of CO2 removes protons from blood

41
Q

If blood too basic, the respiratory buffer system can _______

A

Decrease respiration and the retention of CO2 keeps protons in blood (limited by hypoxia!)

42
Q

The respiratory system provides ____________

A

Additional time needed for renal correction of acid-base imbalances

43
Q

The renal buffer system regulates _______________

A

pH by eliminating hydrogen and conserving bicarbonate

44
Q

In the renal buffer system, H+ is ___________________

A

Secreted and bicarbonate is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

45
Q

In the renal buffer system, pH regulation is ___________________

A

At the distal tubule and collecting duct depends on pH balance in body

46
Q

In the renal buffer system, in acidosis ___________________

A

Kidneys excrete additional hydrogen and retain additional bicarbonate

47
Q

In the renal buffer system, in alkalosis ___________________

A

Kidneys excrete bicarbonate and retain hydrogen

48
Q

Normal range of blood pH is

A

7.35 – 7.45

49
Q

Acidosis occurs when

A

Blood pH drops to 7.0 – 7.3

50
Q

Alkalosis occurs when

A

Blood pH rises to 7.5 – 7.8

51
Q

Acidosis/alkalosis may be termed metabolic or respiratory depending on origin. Respiratory is __________________

A

Acid/base regulation difficulty due to problems with the lungs

52
Q

Acidosis/alkalosis may be termed metabolic or respiratory depending on origin. Metabolic is __________________

A

Due to alterations in acid/base production or loss

53
Q

Compensation refers to the

A

Physiological response to an acid-base imbalance.

54
Q

The respiratory system compensates by ________________

A

Increasing ventilation to expire carbon dioxide or by decreasing ventilation to retain carbon dioxide

55
Q

The renal system compensates by

A

Producing acidic or alkaline urine

56
Q

Respiratory acidosis is caused by

A

Increased retention of CO2

57
Q

Respiratory acidosis is caused by increased retentions of CO2 due to _______________________

A

1.Decreased respiration (e.g., central nervous system depression from opioids)
2. Obstruction of air passage
3. Decreased gas exchange

58
Q

In Respiratory acidosis kidney will compensate by ________________

A

Increased proton excretion and increased bicarbonate reabsorption

59
Q

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by ________________

A

Increased loss of CO2

60
Q

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by increased loss of CO2 due to _______________

A
  1. Anxiety attack
  2. Aspirin overdose
  3. High altitude
61
Q

In Respiratory alkalosis kidney will compensate by ___________________

A

Decreased proton excretion and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption

62
Q

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by _______________

A

Decreased acid or excessive bases present

63
Q

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by decreased acid or excessive bases present. What causes it?

A
  1. Overuse of oral antacids
  2. Loss of stomach acid from chronic vomiting
64
Q

In metabolic alkalosis the lung will compensate by

A

Decreasing respiration (thus conserving CO2 and acids)

65
Q

Metabolic acidosis is caused by _______________

A

Increased acid or loss of bases

66
Q

Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased acid or loss of bases………….

A

1.Kidney failure (not effectively excreting acids)
2.Prolonged diarrhea (loss of alkaline intestinal secretions)
3. Overproduction of ketone bodies (fatty acids broken down due to excessive fasting, diabetes, etc.)

67
Q

In metabolic acidosis the lung will compensate by

A

Increasing respiration (thus removing excess CO2 and acids)

Final Exam Human Phys (4 decks)

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