Renal And Urinary System Pt.2

Question 1

Fluid balance needs to be kept in ___________

Answer 1

Equilibrium

Question 2

Water is lost through ____________ and gained by _____________

Answer 2

-Urine and feces
-Food and drinks

Question 3

Kidneys cannot _______ lost volume they can only __________

Answer 3

-Restore
-Conserve fluid

Question 4

How can water be conserved?

Answer 4

Via the kidney to partially compensate for dehydration

Question 5

Volume loss can only be replaced by _____________ from outside the body

Answer 5

Fluid input

Question 6

Fluid balance can be disrupted by ___________

Answer 6

Volume and osmolarity

Question 7

Fluid balance can be disrupted by (volume) ___________

Answer 7

Too little or too much blood in the vessels

Question 8

Fluid balance can be disrupted by (osmolarity) ___________

Answer 8

Too little or too much salt content of blood

Question 9

What physiological mechanisms address fluid regulation?

Answer 9

1. Vasopressin
2. Aldosterone
3. Natriuretic peptides

Question 10

Vasopressin is a __________ that stimulates __________

Answer 10

-Antidiuretic hormone,ADH
-Water reabsorption

Question 11

Aldosterone stimulates ______________

Answer 11

Na+ reabsorption

Question 12

Natriuretic peptides promote ____________

Answer 12

Na+ and water excretion

Question 13

Vasopressin is stimulated by _____________

Answer 13

Low blood volume or high osmolarity

Question 14

In vasopressin decreased blood pressure is sensed by __________ and high osmolarity is sensed by __________

Answer 14

-Carotid and aortic baroreceptors
-Hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Question 15

Vasopressin is produced in the ____________ and released from the ________________

Answer 15

-Hypothalamus
-Posterior pituitary

Question 16

Vasopressin makes the collecting duct epithelium _________

Answer 16

Permeable to water

Question 17

Vasopressin does what to make the collecting duct epithelium permeable to water

Answer 17

-Binds membrane receptor
-Inserts aquaporins (water pores) into membrane

Question 18

Vasopressin has a graded effect meaning….

Answer 18

It matches urine concentration to the body’s need

Question 19

Aldosterone controls ___________

Answer 19

Sodium balance

Question 20

Aldosterone is produced as part of _____________

Answer 20

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)

Question 21

Aldosterone increases ____________ at the _____________

Answer 21

-Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion
-Renal collecting duct

Question 22

Aldosterone synthesizes __________________

Answer 22

New ion channels/pumps (EX.Na+/K+ATPase) and increases activity of existing pumps

Question 23

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is

Answer 23

A complex regulator of blood pressure/fluid

Question 24

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is stimulated by ________

Answer 24

The drop of blood pressure

Question 25

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is stimulated by blood pressure drop via

Answer 25

1. Sympathetic stimulation from cardiovascular center (receiving signals from carotid/aortic baroreceptors) 2. Paracrine feedback from macula densa cells

Question 26

What are the effect of angiotensin II ?

Answer 26

1. Stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex, increasing Na+ reabsorption 2. Increases vasopressin secretion 3. Stimulates thirst 4. Causes widespread vasoconstriction

Question 27

Natriuretic peptides promote _________ , ____________

Answer 27

-Na+ and water excretion -Decreasing BP

Question 28

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is produced in

Answer 28

Atrial myocardial cells

Question 29

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is produced in

Answer 29

Ventricular myocardial cells and some neurons

Question 30

Natriuretic peptides respond to increased stretch in the

Answer 30

Atrium and ventricle

Question 31

When natriuretic peptides respond to increased stretch in the atrium/ventricle. What are the effects?

Answer 31

1. Dilate afferent arterioles, increasing GFR 2. Decrease Na+ reabsorption in collecting ducts 3. Suppress RAS

Question 32

Acids are formed as ______________

Answer 32

End products of protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

Question 33

To maintain the body’s normal pH (7.35-7.45) ________________

Answer 33

H+ must be neutralized or excreted

Question 34

Acid-base balance is regulated to maintain a normal pH (7.35 to 7.45) . Via what mechanisms?

Answer 34

1. Chemical buffer systems 2. Lungs: eliminate CO2 3. Kidneys: eliminate H+, reabsorb HCO3−

Question 35

Chemical buffer systems react _________________

Answer 35

Within seconds in response to hydrogen ion concentration (EX. bicarbonate buffer system)

Question 36

If blood too acidic, the chemical buffer system can _______

Answer 36

Incorporate extra protons into buffer system

Question 37

If blood too basic, the chemical buffer system can _______

Answer 37

Release protons from buffer system

Question 38

The chemical buffer system works to protect against ________

Answer 38

Major pH shifts until respiratory/rental systems are activated

Question 39

The respiratory buffer system balances ________________

Answer 39

pH by regulation excretion of CO2

Question 40

If blood too acidic, the respiratory buffer system ____________

Answer 40

Increases respiration and the loss of CO2 removes protons from blood

Question 41

If blood too basic, the respiratory buffer system can _______

Answer 41

Decrease respiration and the retention of CO2 keeps protons in blood (limited by hypoxia!)

Question 42

The respiratory system provides ____________

Answer 42

Additional time needed for renal correction of acid-base imbalances

Question 43

The renal buffer system regulates _______________

Answer 43

pH by eliminating hydrogen and conserving bicarbonate

Question 44

In the renal buffer system, H+ is ___________________

Answer 44

Secreted and bicarbonate is reabsorbed at the proximal tubule

Question 45

In the renal buffer system, pH regulation is ___________________

Answer 45

At the distal tubule and collecting duct depends on pH balance in body

Question 46

In the renal buffer system, in acidosis ___________________

Answer 46

Kidneys excrete additional hydrogen and retain additional bicarbonate

Question 47

In the renal buffer system, in alkalosis ___________________

Answer 47

Kidneys excrete bicarbonate and retain hydrogen

Question 48

Normal range of blood pH is

Answer 48

7.35 – 7.45

Question 49

Acidosis occurs when

Answer 49

Blood pH drops to 7.0 – 7.3

Question 50

Alkalosis occurs when

Answer 50

Blood pH rises to 7.5 – 7.8

Question 51

Acidosis/alkalosis may be termed metabolic or respiratory depending on origin. Respiratory is __________________

Answer 51

Acid/base regulation difficulty due to problems with the lungs

Question 52

Acidosis/alkalosis may be termed metabolic or respiratory depending on origin. Metabolic is __________________

Answer 52

Due to alterations in acid/base production or loss

Question 53

Compensation refers to the

Answer 53

Physiological response to an acid-base imbalance.

Question 54

The respiratory system compensates by ________________

Answer 54

Increasing ventilation to expire carbon dioxide or by decreasing ventilation to retain carbon dioxide

Question 55

The renal system compensates by

Answer 55

Producing acidic or alkaline urine

Question 56

Respiratory acidosis is caused by

Answer 56

Increased retention of CO2

Question 57

Respiratory acidosis is caused by increased retentions of CO2 due to _______________________

Answer 57

1.Decreased respiration (e.g., central nervous system depression from opioids) 2. Obstruction of air passage 3. Decreased gas exchange

Question 58

In Respiratory acidosis kidney will compensate by ________________

Answer 58

Increased proton excretion and increased bicarbonate reabsorption

Question 59

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by ________________

Answer 59

Increased loss of CO2

Question 60

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by increased loss of CO2 due to _______________

Answer 60

1. Anxiety attack 2. Aspirin overdose 3. High altitude

Question 61

In Respiratory alkalosis kidney will compensate by ___________________

Answer 61

Decreased proton excretion and decreased bicarbonate reabsorption

Question 62

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by _______________

Answer 62

Decreased acid or excessive bases present

Question 63

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by decreased acid or excessive bases present. What causes it?

Answer 63

1. Overuse of oral antacids 2. Loss of stomach acid from chronic vomiting

Question 64

In metabolic alkalosis the lung will compensate by

Answer 64

Decreasing respiration (thus conserving CO2 and acids)

Question 65

Metabolic acidosis is caused by _______________

Answer 65

Increased acid or loss of bases

Question 66

Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased acid or loss of bases.............

Answer 66

1.Kidney failure (not effectively excreting acids) 2.Prolonged diarrhea (loss of alkaline intestinal secretions) 3. Overproduction of ketone bodies (fatty acids broken down due to excessive fasting, diabetes, etc.)

Question 67

In metabolic acidosis the lung will compensate by

Answer 67

Increasing respiration (thus removing excess CO2 and acids)