Final Exam Review

Question 1

Define physiology…….

Answer 1

The study of a normal functioning living organism and its components

Question 2

Define homeostasis…… and what are examples?

Answer 2

The body’s ability to keep the internal environment stable despite changing external environments. Examples are body temperature and blood glucose.

Question 3

What are the fluid compartments of the body?

Answer 3

Extracellular fluid ECF, (Plasma) interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid (ICF)

Question 4

What are the fluid compartments of the body functions?

Answer 4

Extracellular fluid ECF= outside the cells and contains plasma and interstitial fluid

(Plasma) interstitial fluid= the extracellular fluid inside the blood vessels that surround most cells

Intracellular fluid (ICF)= found within cells

Question 5

What are the four tissue types?

Answer 5

Muscular, epithelial, nervous, and connective

Question 6

Epithelial tissue…….

Answer 6

Provides protection and regulates exchange, found covering the body surface, on the inner lining of body cavities, lining hollow organ and glands

Question 7

Connective tissue……

Answer 7

Connective is the most abundant tissue which provides protection, support binding, and much
more. EX. fat, tendons, and bone

Question 8

Muscular tissue……

Answer 8

Muscular tissue allows for movement in the body. It is contractile and can shorten and thicken and provides movement. EX. skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 9

Nervous tissue……..

Answer 9

Nervous coordinates body functions because it includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The cell types are neurons and neuroglia

Question 10

The oral cavity……..

Answer 10

Is the mouth and the pharynx and they start the digestion process

Question 11

The four processes of the digestive system are……….

Answer 11

Absorption, digestion, secretion, and motility.

Question 12

Digestion is the _______________________

Answer 12

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable pieces

Question 13

Absorption is the _____________________

Answer 13

Movement of material from the GI into the extracellular fluid

Question 14

Secretion is the ________________

Answer 14

Movement of material from cells into lumen or
extracellular fluid

Question 15

Motility is the __________________________

Answer 15

Movement of material through the GI tract as a result of muscle contraction

Question 16

What are the macromolecular classes?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 17

What are the three challenges of the digestive system?

Answer 17

1. Avoiding autodigestion (preventing the digestion of cells of the GI tract)
2. Denfese (protecting from foreign invaders)
3. Mass balance (matching fluid input/output)

Question 18

Metabolism=______________, catabolism=_______________, and anabolism=___________________

Answer 18

-Catabolism + anabolism
-Breakdown of larger molecules
-Synthesis of larger molecules

Question 19

Central nervous system=

Answer 19

Brain and spinal cord

Question 20

Peripheral nervous system=

Answer 20

Cranial nerves,spinal nerves and peripheral nerves

Question 21

Resting potential is ______________

Answer 21

The exact difference in charge between the inside and outside of the neuron (-70mV)

Question 22

Threshold potential is _______________

Answer 22

-55mV

Question 23

Myelin does what to the conduction of action potentials?

Answer 23

Increases the speed of the process, allow implies to be sent down the axon faster, unmyelinated axon is slower

Question 24

What are the sensory receptors?

Answer 24

Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors,Photoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Nociceptors, and
Electroreceptors

Question 25

What does excitation-contraction cause a release of?

Answer 25

ACh

Question 26

Slow-twitch fibers _________________

Answer 26

Fibers are slow to contract but can sustain contraction with fatigue.

Question 27

Fast oxidative fibers _______________

Answer 27

Useful when walking and is medium in size,conduction speed, and firing rate

Question 28

Fast-twitch glycolytic fibers are __________________

Answer 28

Large with fewer mitochondria, they use anaerobic glycolysis and produce rapid, powerful contractions

Question 29

A motor unit=

Answer 29

All of muscle fibers from on motor neuron it innervates

Question 30

Muscle length determines __________________

Answer 30

The amount of force that can be developed. There are three lengths
resting length is the optimum starting length, stretched produces less force because myosin heads
can’t reach binding sites, and compressed also produces less because sarcomeres are compressed.

Question 31

Innate vs adaptive

Answer 31

Innate immunity is non-specific and rapid to pathogens an example is an inflammation. Adaptive is
the opposite it is specific and slower to pathogens.

Question 32

White blood cells …….

Answer 32

White blood cells have several important jobs within the immune system. They release inflammatory mediators, execute a variety of immune tasks, consume damaged cells and foreign material, and eliminate it.

Question 33

Red blood cells………

Answer 33

Red blood cells are shaped like a flat circle/disk, they function to carry oxygen from the lungs to
all the different parts of the body, etc. Red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow

Question 34

Describe the ways in which electrical signals are conducted in the heart……….

Answer 34

In the heart, Excitation is triggered by an action potential. Which starts in the pacemaker cells and Spreads to our contractile cells via gap junctions. Gap junctions electrically connect our cardiac muscle cells. Electrical signals from auto-rhythmic cells also open voltage channel gates which allow for the process of myocardium excitation-coupling to begin.

Question 35

Explain the cardiac cycle and how it corresponds to an electrocardiogram………

Answer 35

The cardiac cycle is one single cycle of contraction and relaxation. An electrocardiogram shows the sum of electrical activity that is generated by the cells
of the heart. Deflection on an ECG can display if there is repolarization or depolarization.

Question 36

Connect cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume……….

Answer 36

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time. Heart rate is the time that is between two p waves or two q waves. Stroke
volume has an Avg of 70 and is the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction.

Question 37

Describe the mechanism of myocardial excitation-contraction coupling……

Answer 37

Myocardial EC coupling involves CICR which is Ca2 induced and Ca2 release. In this process, the voltage-Ca channels are opened by the electrical signals that come from auto-rhythmic cells. Then RYR opens to allow Ca flow into the SR, Ca is then released from the SR to bind to troponin which then leads to the contractions.

Question 38

List the major functions of the respiratory system…..

Answer 38

1. Exchange of gasses between the blood and atmosphere
2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and substances
4. Vocalization

Question 39

Compliance and elastance in respiratory physiology……

Answer 39

Compliance and elastance are the two major properties of the lungs. Compliance is the lungs’ ability to stretch, and elastance is the lung’s ability to bounce back after
the stretch occurs

Question 40

Surface tension in alveoli ___________ and surfactant

Answer 40

Makes it harder for the expansion of the lungs. Disrupts the tension and requires less force to expand the lungs