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Final Exam Human Phys > Endocrine and Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are _______________

A

Chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters vs hormones. What are the traits of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Secreted by neurons
  2. Travel short distances through the synapse
  3. Travel to precise destinations (receptors on the postsynaptic neuron)
  4. Rapid messages
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3
Q

Neurotransmitters vs hormones. What are the traits of hormones?

A
  1. Secreted by endocrine glands
  2. Travel long distances through the blood
  3. Spread throughout the body, but only picked up by cells with the proper receptors
  4. Slower messages
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4
Q

Classic early endocrinology study by ____________________ suggested the nature of hormones

A

Berthold in 1849

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5
Q

What were the finding of the nature of hormones by Berthold in 1849?

A
  1. Uncastrated roosters had secondary sex characteristics
  2. Castrated roosters had no secondary sex characteristics
  3. Roosters with testes reimplanted in abdomen (not connected by nerves)….
    -had secondary sex characteristics
    -indicated signal traveling through blood- hormone
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6
Q

Endocrine is the system that _____________________

A

Secretes hormones into the blood stream

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7
Q

Glands are ___________________

A

Organs that secrete substances, such as hormones

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8
Q

Neuroendocrine is when _____________

A

Signaling molecules are secreted by a neuron into the blood, where they function as hormones

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9
Q

How do peptide hormones (proteins or peptides) work?

A

They bind extracellular receptors

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10
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesized by?

A

Cholesterol

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11
Q

What are amino acid-derived hormones synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan or tyrosine

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12
Q

What do amino acid-derived hormones bind?

A

-Some bind cell membrane receptors (similar to peptide hormones)
-Some bind intracellular receptors (similar to steroid hormones)

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13
Q

Hormones are regulated by _______________________

A

Negative and positive feedback loops

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14
Q

Negative feedback loops _______________

A

Hormone inhibits further hormone secretion, and it maintains homeostasis

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15
Q

Example of negative feedback loops is when __________

A

Thyroid hormone inhibits production of thyroid hormone

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16
Q

Positive feedback loops _________________

A

are rare, and hormone release causes additional hormone release, and it amplifies signaling

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17
Q

Example of positive feedback loop is when ____________

A

Oxytocin release leads to uterine contractions, which cause additional oxytocin release

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18
Q

Thyroid hormones, produced by a butterfly-shaped gland in your _________ increase ___________________

A

-Neck
-Alertness and metabolism

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19
Q

The manufacturing of thyroid hormones depends on the ________________ and without it, the thyroid swells in an attempt to produce more __________ (called a goiter)

A

-Supply of iodine
-Iodine

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20
Q

The pineal gland is a

A

Single gland on top of the brainstem

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21
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A

An amino acid-derived hormone, melatonin, almost exclusively at night.

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22
Q

Melatonin provides a signal that _________________

A

Tracks day length and the seasons

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23
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they do?

A

They are at the top of each kidney and secrete hormones

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24
Q

In mammals, the outer 80% of the gland is the _____________, and the core 20% is the ________________

A

-Adrenal cortex
-Adrenal medulla

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25
Q

The adrenal medulla releases two hormones which are _____________________

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

26
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are controlled by what system?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are activated rapidly after __________

A

Stress occurs

28
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a ________________________________

A

Neuroendocrine system that responds to stress through hormone release

29
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated __________________

A

Minutes to hours after stress occurs

30
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis end result is ___________________

A

The production of the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal cortex

31
Q

Cortisol is __________________

A

Secreted from the adrenal cortex during stress

32
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A
  1. Promotes “pro-survival” processes in the body
  2. Increased blood pressure

3.Increased blood glucose

4.Inhibits “non-survival” processes

5.Decreased immunity

  1. Decreased sexual behavior
33
Q

Aldosterone is secreted from the _____________

A

Adrenal cortex

34
Q

Aldosterone is ________________ and it _______________

A
  • A steroid hormone which acts on the kidneys to retain sodium
  • Increases blood pressure
35
Q

The pituitary gland releases important hormones and has two main parts which function separately that are called the ________________ and _________________

A
  • Posterior pituitary
  • Anterior pituitary
36
Q

Oxytocin “the love hormone“ functions in ___________________

A

1.Reproductive/ parenting behavior (bonding) in both biological sexes

  1. Uterine contraction
  2. Milk letdown reflex
37
Q

Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone, or ADH) is released by __________________ and __________________

A

-The posterior pituitary

-Increases blood pressure through water retention

38
Q

Prolactin does what in females and males?

A

-In females: stimulates lactation and parental behavior

-In males: affects sexual desire

39
Q

Growth hormone (GH) ___________________________

A

Stimulates growth by acting on receptors in the liver, muscle, and bone

40
Q

Psychosocial dwarfism is a _________________________

A

Failure to grow caused by stress early in life

41
Q

Stress and sleep deprivation can interfere with ____________ and its normal effects on __________

A

-GH release

-Growth

42
Q

Where do reproductive hormones originate from?

A

Hypothalamus/anterior pituitary

43
Q

In males, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates _________________________

A

Sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of the testes

44
Q

In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates ______________________________

A

Testosterone production in Leydig cells of the testes

45
Q

Testosterone is one of many male hormones called __________ and they _____________________

A

-Androgens

-1. Maintains spermatogenesis (sperm cell development)

  1. Controls changes in the male body that become apparent in puberty:
    -Voice change
    -Hair growth
    -Development and maintenance of genitalia
    -Sex drive
46
Q

In females, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ______________________

A

Egg-containing follicles to develop

47
Q

In females, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates _______________________________

A

Follicles to form the corpora luteum (temporary endocrine structure in ovaries)

48
Q

The ovarian cycle is related to _____________

A

Egg release

49
Q

The menstrual cycle is related to ___________________

A

Uterine lining (endometrium) thickness

50
Q

Menstrual phase is a _____________________________

A

Shedding of the uterine lining when estrogen/progesterone levels are low

51
Q

Proliferative phase is a ________________________________

A

Growth of the uterine lining due to estrogen produced by ovarian follicles

52
Q

Secretory phase is a

A

Maintenance phase with increased blood flow/secretions due to progesterone produced by the corpus luteum

53
Q

Many birth control pills work by administering exogenous amounts of ____________________________

A

Estrogen/progesterone

54
Q

Gametogenesis is the process of ______________________

A

Producing sperm cells and egg cells (gametes)

55
Q

Gametogenesis process must include _____________________

A

Meiosis to generate haploid gametes from diploid somatic cells

56
Q

Sexual reproduction relies on______________ where two haploid gametes combine to generate a ________________

A

-Fertilization

-Diploid zygote

57
Q

Spermatogonial cells are _________________________

A

Self-renewing (mitosis!) near the outside of the seminiferous tubules

58
Q

Sperm carries ______________________

A

X or Y chromosome

59
Q

Y chromosome has SRY gene, which turns on other genes on other chromosomes to cause anatomically _________________ and in absence of SRY, anatomically ______________

A

-Male development

-Female development

60
Q

Altered expression of SRY, SRY receptors, or many other genes under SRY or sex hormone control can cause ________________________________________

A

Anatomic differences from chromosomal predictions, including intersex development.

Final Exam Human Phys (4 decks)

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