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Final Exam Human Phys > Renal And Urinary System Pt.1 > Flashcards

Renal And Urinary System Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Land animals prevent dehydration because they ……

A
  1. Have body coverings that help reduce water loss
  2. Drink water and eat moist foods
  3. Produce water metabolically
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2
Q

Land animals also have to remove _________, toxic ____________

A

-Waste products
-Toxic nitrogenous wastes such as urea produced by the metabolism of nitrogen-containing macromolecules (EX. proteins and nucleic acid)

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3
Q

The functions of the kidneys

A

1.Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2.Regulation of osmolarity
3.Maintenace of ion balance
4.Homeostatic regulation of pH
5.Excretion of wastes
6.Production of hormones

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4
Q

Kidneys filter blood via ___________ found in the ____________

A

-Nephrons (their functional units)
-Outer cortex and inner medulla

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5
Q

What is the path of urine in the system?

A

Urine leaves each kidney and passes into each smooth muscle ureter

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6
Q

Ureters converge/meet on the ___________ which ___________

A

-Urinary bladder
-Which expels urine via the urethra

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7
Q

The nephron is the ________________

A

Functional unit of the kidney

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8
Q

Bowmans capsule surrounds the ________________ which is a ____________, to ____________

A

-Glomerulus
-Fenestrated capillary bed
-To filter blood

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9
Q

Filtrate (unmodified fluid) flows into the ______________

A

Proximal tubule

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10
Q

Loop of Henle dips into the ________ and comes back up, the limbs are the _______ and ___________

A

-Medulla
-Descending limb
-Ascending limb

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11
Q

Distal tubule of several nephrons drains into the ________ which flows into the _______

A

-Collecting duct
-Ureter/bladder this fluid is now called urine after modifications

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12
Q

Osmolarity is the ________________

A

Solute concentration of a solution

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13
Q

Osmolarity determines _______________

A

The movement of water across a selectivity permeable membrane (osmosis)

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14
Q

If two solutions are isotonic then ______________

A

The movement of water is equal in both directions

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15
Q

If two solutions differ in osmolarity the net flow of water is from the hypotonic (____________) to the hypertonic (________)

A

-Lower solute concentration
-Higher solute concentration

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16
Q

Water follows ________

A

Salt

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17
Q

Urine is produced by refining a filtrate from _____

A

Body fluids

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18
Q

Processes of the kidneys:

A
  1. Filtration: Filtering of body fluids
  2. Reabsorption: Reclaiming valuable solutes
  3. Secretion: Adding nonessential solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate
  4. Excretion: Releasing processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes from the body
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19
Q

Nephron modifies _________ and __________

A

-Fluid volume
-Osmolarity

20
Q

How much fluid filters into Bowmans capsule

A

180L/day, nearly identical to plasma (missing blood cells and large proteins)

21
Q

How much urine is excreted each day

A

1.5L/day, very different from initial filtrate due to reabsorption and secretion

22
Q

Bowman’s capsule initially filters ________ from ________

A

-Plasma
-Glomerulus

23
Q

Proximal tubule is for the _____________ of _____________ (secretion/reabsorption)

A

-Isosmotic reabsorption
-Solutes and water
(Solutes are transported out with water following by osmosis) and (Filtrate leaves with the same osmolarity)

24
Q

Loop of Henle creates ____________

A

Dilute filtrate, more solute is reabsorbed than water

25
Q

Distal tubule and collection duct regulates ____________

A

-Salt/water balance
(Salt/water balance under control of several hormones based on homeostatic mechanisms) and (Reabsorption and secretion determine the final composition of filtrate)

26
Q

Bowman’s capsule receives ________ from _______ within the _____________

A

-Filtrate
-Plasma
-Glomerulus

27
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Volume of fluid filtered per unit time

28
Q

GFR is relatively ___________ regardless of systemic blood pressure, controlled primarily by regulating blood flow through the renal arterioles

A

Constant

29
Q

Increased capillary blood flow within the glomerulus increases _______

A

GFR

30
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback is

A

-One local control pathway in which fluid flow through the loop of Henle influences GFR
-Loop of Henle passes between afferent/efferent arterioles
-Macula densa cells sense tubule flow and release paracrine signals that affect afferent and efferent arteriole diameter

31
Q

Proximal tubule is for the _______________

A

Isosmotic reabsorption of solutes and water where it can be taken up by nearby capillaries

32
Q

Reabsorption of some solutes and water depends on ________________

A

Primary active transport and osmosis

33
Q

What is the process of kidney reabsorption?

A
  1. Na+ is reabsorbed by active transport
  2. Electrochemical gradient drives anion reabsorption
  3. Water moves by osmosis, following solute reabsorption
  4. Permeable solutes are reabsorbed by diffusion through membrane transporters or paracellular pathway
34
Q

Loop of Henle creates ___________

A

Dilute filtrate

35
Q

Cortex to medulla has an _______________________ which the loop of Henle passes through

A

Increasing salt concentration,

36
Q

The descending limb is permeable to _______________, _________ diffuses out of the filtrate

A

-Water only
-Water

37
Q

The Ascending limb is permeable to ___________, ________ leave the filtrate via ________________, reinforcing ______________. AND Filtrate becomes ___________

A

-Salts only
-Salts
-Active and passive diffusion
-Salt gradient
-More dilute

38
Q

Within the proximal/distal tubule, secretion selectively removes ______________________

A

Molecules from blood and adds them to filtrate

39
Q

What happens during the secretion of the kidney?

A

-Occurs via active transport
-Moves substances against concentration gradient
-Allows for efficient removal of ions (e.g., H+),metabolites, and toxins

40
Q

Through excretion, the body __________________

A

Eliminates waste

41
Q

Micturition (urination) is ________________

A

A spinal reflex affected by higher brain control

42
Q

At rest, bladder (smooth muscle)

A

Fills

43
Q

Internal sphincter (smooth muscle) is

A

Passively contracted

44
Q

External sphincter (skeletal muscle) stays

A

Contracted due to tonic discharge from motor neuron

45
Q

What happens during micturition?

A

-Stretch receptors fire, sending signal to spinal cord
-Parasympathetic neurons fire (causing bladder contraction; internal sphincter is pulled open)
-Motor neuron stops firing (releasing external sphincter)

Final Exam Human Phys (4 decks)

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