Renal and Urinary

Question 1

Dysuria

Answer 1

Difficult (or painful) urination

Question 2

Pollakiuria

Answer 2

> frequency of urination

Question 3

Stranguria

Answer 3

PAINFUL urination- usually small amounts frequently

Question 4

Anuria

Answer 4

Cessation of urine production/output

Question 5

Oliguria

Answer 5

Decreased quantity of urine voided (small amounts)

Question 6

Polyuria

Answer 6

Increased quantity of urine voided

Question 7

Hypersthenuria

Answer 7

Concentrated urine–> USG > 1.012, kidney is actively concentrating it.

Question 8

Hyposthenuria

Answer 8

Dilute urine. USE < 1.008, the kidney is actively diluting it.

Question 9

Isosthenuria

Answer 9

Urine isotonic w/ glomerular filtrate (plasma). USG between 1.008-1.012. Not necessarily a bad thing- basically means the kidneys have done nothing to it. If the animal is super dehydrated/has azotaemia and the USG is within this range–> THAT’S BAD- the kidneys aren’t working.

Question 10

Bacteriruria

Answer 10

Bacteria in the urine

Question 11

Bilirubinuria

Answer 11

Conjugated bilirubin in the urine

Question 12

Crystalluria

Answer 12

Crystals in the urine (DOES NOT EQUAL uroliths)

Question 13

Cylindruria

Answer 13

Casts (cylinders) in the urine. Indicates there is tubular pathology.

Question 14

Glucosuria

Answer 14

Glucose in the urine- may be from diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels in the blood may be so high they’ve overwhelmed the threshold of the glomerulus and leaked into the urine.

Question 15

Haematuria

Answer 15

Blood in the urine. RBCs are present- goes clear if you spin it down. Indicates pathology of renal pelvis or lower.

Question 16

Haemoglobinuria

Answer 16

Haemoglobin in the urine. NO RBCs are present. The Hb in the plasma is overwhelming excretion threshold. It’s not to do with the kidneys but haemolysis.

Question 17

Ketonuria

Answer 17

Ketones in the urine

Question 18

Proteinuria

Answer 18

Protein in the urine (can indicate protein-losing nephropathy)

Question 19

Pyuria

Answer 19

Pus in the urine. Indicates infection of renal pelvis or lower.

Question 20

Azotaemia

Answer 20

Increased blood concentrations or urea, creatinine or both.

Question 21

Uraemia

Answer 21

Clinical syndrome caused by renal failure, characterised by chronic azotaemia and isosthenuria.

Question 22

Myoglobinuria

Answer 22

Presence of myoglobin in urine. VERY dark urine. This is mainly due to muscle breakdown, which releases myoglobin into the bloodstream. Prolonged exposure of nephrons to myoglobin can cause acute kidney injury.