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Clin Path > Haematopoietic System > Flashcards

Haematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the blood is cells?

A

45%

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2
Q

What percentage of the blood is fluids?

A

55%

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3
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

Mostly water, but also proteins (albumin, globulins and fibrinogen), glucose, lipids and electrolytes.

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4
Q

What is the erythrogram?

A

The RBC portion of blood, measured by PCV.

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5
Q

What is the leukogram?

A

The WBC component of blood, including platelets.

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6
Q

In centrifuged blood, what is the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets. This is thickened in some diseases, such as leukaemia.

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7
Q

What three ingredients does the bone marrow need to make RBCs?

A

AAs, Fe and cell membranes

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8
Q

What does the red cell count tell us? And how is it measured?

A

It tells us both the number and volume of RBCs, and is directly measured- cells pass through a laser beam that also notes their size.

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9
Q

What does the haematocrit/PCV tell us?

A

This is the % of blood that is RBCs.
It is calculated as HCT= (MCV x RCC)/10

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10
Q

What is the MCV?

A

Mean Cell Volume
The average vol of RBC, measured in femtolitres (1- ^-15 L)
- If there aren’t enough building blocks for EBCs, especially with not enough Fe, you’ll still have a bunch of RBCs, but they’re half filled and so smaller. If we have a lot of reticulocytes present they’re going to be larger.

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11
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

A young RBC that has just been released into circulation. It is bigger than a mature RBC, and while it has lost its nucleus, it still has a bunch of ribosomes making Hb. When these are done they’re kicked out and the cell shrinks, and gains its concave shape to increase the Hb per SA.

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12
Q

What is MCH?

A

Mean Cell Hb
Total amount Hb in each RBC- it usually rises or falls w/ MCV.
If we have smaller cells w/ less content there’s less Hb, if we have larger Hb, it’s an ARTEFACT. The cells have a max Hb they can carry, which is the normal. So if they’re seemingly carrying more than that, it’s actually in the PLASMA.

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13
Q

What is MCHC?

A

Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration
Average cytoplasmic [Hb], and relates to RBC colour- normochromic or hypochromic.
Calculated by HCH= Hb/HCT
This may be decreased if we have smaller RBCs w/ less content, e.g. if we’re running low on building blocks. But it may also be decreased if we have an increased number of reticulocytes, as these are bigger and have less Hb per SA.

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14
Q

What is poikilocytosis?

A

Abnormally shaped RBCs

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15
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Increased RBC numbers, AKA erythrocytosis

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16
Q

What are the two types of polycythaemia?

A

It can be either relative or absolute (this can be primary or secondary).

17
Q

What is relative polycythaemia?

A

When we’ve lost FLUID. This is the more common type/ We’ve lost fluids, so RBC mass, PaO2 and EPO are all normal, it’s just that w/ the less fluid vol we have > RBCs/L. So in reality we have the same number of RBCs overall, but it looks like they’ve increased cause we’ve taken a bunch of the water away. -> DEHYDRATION

18
Q

What is absolute polycythaemia?

A

> RBC mass- there is actually more RBCs than normal because of increased production.

19
Q

What is primary absolute polycythaemia?

A

When the bone marrow is genetically disregulated and is producing more RBCs- this is a step towards neoplasia. Epo is normal to decreased. E.g. myeloproliferative disease

20
Q

What is secondary absolute polycythaemia?

A

It is secondary as a result of > Epo.
Can be caused by physiological decreases in O2, such as CV diseases, lung diseases and altitude, administration of Epo, renal lesions. It may or may not have mild reticulocytes.

21
Q

What is the normal PCV for dogs and cats?

A

Canine: 37%-55%
Feline: 25%-45%

22
Q

Anaemias can be classified into two groups:

A

Non-regenerative and regenerative.
They may also be pre-regenerative if they are acute.

23
Q

What is non-regenerative anaemia?

A

< production, either a primary or secondary bone marrow disorder.

24
Q

What is regenerative anaemia?

A

> exit/turnover. This is caused by either haemolysis (> destruction- may be either intravascular or extravascular) or haemorrhage (can be either internal or external).

25
Q

How do we measure regeneration?

A

A RETICULOCYTE COUNT!

26
Q

When would we not be able to tell if an anaemia is regenerative or not?

A

If it has happened in the last 3-5 days, cause it takes the bone marrow that long to respond to anaemia.

27
Q

What is the average PCV for dogs?

A

45%

28
Q

What is the average PCV for cats?

A

37%

Clin Path (7 decks)

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