renal anatomy Flashcards
identify
it detects changes in the blood pressure
macula densa
identify
it drains filtered blood from the kidney
renal vein
identify
carries urine to the bladder
ureters
identify
amount of plasma entering the glomerulus
120 mL/min
identify
stimulates RBC production
erythropoietin
nephron
- found on the cortex
- waste removal and nutrient reabsorption (PCT & DCT)
cortical nephron
identify
it is formed due to variation in size of capillaries
hydrostatic pressure
identify
total renal plasma flow
600 -700 ml/min (300 - 350 mL/min/kidney)
identify
delivers urine (excretion)
urethra
oncotic pressure
↓ solute in blood = (?)
water exits through interstition (EDEMA)
identify
functional units of the kidneys
nephrons
identify
it is formed due to osmotic gradient in capillaries
oncotic pressure
identify
the average body size
1.73 m²
acidic or basic
little H⁺
basic
identify
factors affecting glomerular filtration rate
- hydrostatic pressure
- oncotic pressure
- RAAS
identify
renal glucose threshold: (?)
160 -180 mg/dL
identify
amount that triggers urination
150 mL
identify
this happens when you only have 1 kdiney
compensation hypertrophy
glomerular filtrate
specific gravity: >1.010
hypersthenuric
identify
it supplies unfiltered blood to the kidney
renal artery
identify
plasma concentration of substance
renal threshold
identify
- it surrounds the Loop of henle
- triggers osmosis
- has area that has ↑ and ↓ salt concentration (oncotic gradient)
vasa recta
identify
it is a capillary/specialized capillary
glomerulus
identify
high pH in blood = (?)
- low H⁺ secretion
- low HCO₃⁻ reabsorption
identify
amount of nephrons per kidney
1.5 million
nephron
- found on the top portion of medulla
- urine concentration (L.o.H., & collecting ducts)
- major salt exchange
- ↑ solvent, ↓ solute
juxtamedullary nephron
identify
overhydrated: high B.F. = (?)
water secretion
identify
glomerulus’s blood vessel wall has holes we call (?)
fenestration
identify
2 types of nephron
- cortical nephron (85%)
- juxtamedullary nephron (15%)
identify
it encloses the glomerulus
bowmans capsule
identify
maintains homeostasis
kidney
identify
renin is both a (?) and an (?)
- hormone
- enzyme
glomerular filtrate
specific gravity: <1.010
hyposthenuric
identify
it brings blood to the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
final urine volume
hydrated: (?)
15 mL/min
reabsorption mechanism
needs atp
active transport
identify
produced by peritubular cells (kidney)
erythropoietin
identify
balancing of electrolytes
kidney
identify
excretion of waste products
kidney
identify
negativity of albumin
lightly negative
identify
renal protein threshold: (?)
10 mg/dL
identify
regulates acid-base balance
kidney
identify
low pH in blood = (?) ; (?)
- high H⁺ secretion
- high HCO₃⁻ reabsorption
identify
regulates body fluids
kidney
identify
triggered by ↓ B.P. caused by ↓ blood volume and plasma Na⁺
RAAS (renin-angiontensin-aldosterone system)
identify
when the macula densa detects low B.P., it gives signal to (?) that produces (?), that attaches to inactive (?) that would become (?), that goes to the lungs where it undergoes ACE (angiontensin converting exchange) and it would convert into (?), that triggers the posterior P.G. to release (?); triggers adrenal cortex to release (?), and would make the efferent arteriole (?), and the afferent arteriole (?).
- JG cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
- renin
- angiontensinogen
- angiontensin II
- ADH/AVP
- aldosterone
- vasoconstrict
- vasodilate
identify
it is a non selective filter
glomerulus
identify
normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
identify
length of ureters
25 cm
identify
the size of molecules that can only pass through the fenestrations of the glomerulus
<70,000 da (daltons)
identify
has proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and Loop of Henle
renal tubules
identify
dehydration: low B.F. = (?)
water reabsorption
identify
the amount of blood flow that the kidney receives
25%
hydrostatic pressure
↓ diameter = (?)
↑ hydrostatic pressure
identify
produced by JG cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
renin
identify
stores urine
bladder
identify
it has a shield of negativity
glomerulus
acidic or basic
many H⁺
acidic
identify
another term for urination (bladder emptying)
micturition
identify
4 renal functions:
- renal blood flow
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
identify
where urine is formed
kidney
identify
high B.P. caused by afferent & efferent areterioles that results to more blood release
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
↑ oncotic pressure
↓ glomerular filtration rate (water don’t exit)
reabsorption mechanism
- water is reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except in ascending Loop of henle
- urea is reabsorbed in PCT and ascending Loop of henle
passive transport
identify
- it surrounds the PCT and DCT
- produces EPO
peritubular capillaries
identify
the bowmans capsule has an inner layer called (?), that has cells called (?). The cells has foots that interlocks with each other, that provides additonal (?) to the glomerulus
- visceral layer
- podocytes
- filtration
identify
(?) influences the pH in our body
hypoventilation
final urine volume
dehydrated: (?)
0.3 mL/min
hypoventilation
CO₂ builds up in blood → carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) = (?)
low pH
hydrostatic pressure
↓ hydrostatic pressure = (?)
↓ glomerular filtration rate
identify
where the blood from glomerulus exits
efferent arteriole
identify
maintain blood pressure and electropoiesis
kidney
identify
length of urethra:
male: (?)
female: (?)
male: 24 cm
female: 4 cm
hydrostatic pressure
↑ hydrostatic pressure = (?)
↑ glomerular filtration rate
hydrostatic pressure
↑ diameter = (?)
↓ hydrostatic pressure
identify
total amount of nephrons
2-3 million
identify
total renal blood flow
approx. 1200 mL/min (600 mL/min/kidney)
identify
it is where the water and salt exhange happens
loop of henle
identify
it corrects the blood pressure
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
identify
removal of essential substances
tubular reabsorption
glomerular filtrate
specific gravity : 1.010
isosthenuric
identify
it filters plasma
glomerulus
identify
size of an albumin
66,500 Da (dalton)
oncotic pressure
↓ oncotic pressure
↑ glomerular filtration rate (water exits)
identify
when there is a dysmorphic RBC in urine, the glomerular is (?)
damaged
