physical exam Flashcards
- Methemoglobin (Acid Urine)
- Homogentisic Acid/Alkaptonuria (Alk urine)
- Melanin (upon long standing due to air exposure)
- Phenol Derivatives: Argyrol
- Pakrinson’s Dse: Methyldopa/Levadopa Metronidazole (Flagyl)
black/brown
clarity
May precipitate/clot
milky
general term for transparency/turbidty of the urine specimen
urine clarity
clarity
Few particulates, print is easily visible through the urine
hazy
turbidity
Amorphous Urates and Uric Acid crystals
soluble with heat
- most predominant
- Production is directly proportional to metabolic rate.
- Increased in fasting state and thyroid condition
urochrome
faint cloud in urine that forms after long standing: WBC, Epithelial Cells and Mucus Thread
nubecula
clarity
Print cannot be seen through the specimen
turbid
- same with uroerythrin but imparts orange brown color in long standing.
- Product of urobilinogen oxidation
urobilin
odor
Ketones, DM, Starvation,
Vomiting
fruity/sweet
odor
PKU
mousy
Pseudomonas infection
green
turbidity
Amorphous urate, radiographic contrast media
acid urine
- Cells (RBC, WBC, Non-squamous epith)
- Bacterial Build Up
- Yeast (DM)
- Abnormal Crystals
- Lipid
- Lymph Fluid
- Chyle (Filariasis)
pathologic causes of turbidity
odor
Trimethylamenuria
rotting fish
abnormal urine color
dark yellow/amber/orange
- Rough indicator of hydration
- Should correlate with sp/gr.
- Varies from straw to black
urine color
Porphyrias
burgundy red/port wine/purplish red
turbidity
Amorphous phosphates, RBC and Carbonates
soluble with acetic acid
odor
Tyrosinemia
rancid butter
Red-Brown urine due to UNSTABLE hemoglobin (Hgb Koln)
bilifuscin
odor
Contamination, Sperm
bleach
odor
Onions, Asparagus, Garlic
pungent
odor
Cystine Disorder
sulfur
odor
Isovaleric academia
sweaty feet/cheese
clarity
Many particulates, blurry print
cloudy
turbidity
Lipids, Lymphatic Fluid and Chyle
soluble in ether
- present in much smaller amounts.
- Contribute little to urine color.
- Can be detected in refrigerated specimens when precipitated with amorphous urates (Pink color).
uroerythrin
odor
Methionine malabsorption
cabbage/hop’s
pink/ red urine:
- RBC; hematuria
- Hgb; hemoglobinuria
- myoglobin; myoglobinuria
- beets, rifampin
- cloudy/smokey red
- clear red/pink
- clear red-brownish
- all fluids are red
PhotoOxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin
yellow-green/yellow-brown
- Presence of epithelial cells and mucus threads specially in women specimen
- Refrigeration (Amor U or P)
- Unpreserved long standing urine
- Semen, Fecal Contamination
- Radiographic contrast
- Talcum powder and vaginal creams
non pathologic causes of turbidity
[meds]
Indican, Amitryptiline, methcarbamol, clorets, methylene blue and phenol
blue green
odor
Normal
aromatic
turbidity
Amorphous phosphates and carbonates
alkaline urine
turbidity
WBC, Bacteria, Yeast, Sperm
insoluble with acetic acid
clarity
No visible particles, transparent
clear
odor
MSUD
maple syrup/caramel curry
odor
UTI, bacterial decomposit
foul-ammoniacal