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aubf (prelim) > chemical exam > Flashcards

chemical exam Flashcards

1
Q
  • Presence in urine provides early indicaiton of liver disease. Detected long before presentation of jaundice
  • Principle: Diazo Reaction
  • (+) tan/pink/violet
A

bilirubin

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2
Q
  • Indicates disorders affecting the renal tubules.
  • Impaired reabsorption
A

tubular protenuria

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3
Q
  • 1 min
  • Ehrlich’s reaction
A

urobilinogen

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4
Q
  • May lead to renal failure
  • Indicated by MICROALBUMINURIA (which is not detected by rgnt strip)
A

diabetic nephropathy

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5
Q
  • Bile pigment from hemoglobin degradation
  • Present in small amount, <1 mg/dL
  • Specimen of choice: afternoon urine (2pm to 4pm due to alkaline tide)
  • Principle: Ehrlich’s Reaction
A

urobilinogen

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6
Q
  • 30secs
  • Double sequential enzymatic reactio
A

glucose

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7
Q

SSA

clumps of protein

A

4+

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8
Q

what is the result

Presence of non-albumin protein because the test is sensitive to albumin

A

false negative

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9
Q

reject urine if pH is (?)

A

9

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10
Q

due to increased pressure on the renal veins

A

orthostatic proteinuria

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11
Q
  • INVERSE EHRLICH REACTION
  • Rapid screening test for PBG (>2mg/dL)
A

hoesch test

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12
Q

positive results for BLOOD

  • Uniformly green/blue: (?)
  • Speckled/Spotted: (?)
A
  • Hgb/myoglobin
  • hematuria
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13
Q
  • 45 secs
  • pKa change of polyelectrolytes
A

specific gravity

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14
Q

it reacts if pH is basic

A

bromothymol blue

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15
Q
  • Consists of weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine sp/gr.
  • DISADVANTAGES: Requires large urine volume, affected by TEMPERATURE, GLUCOSE and PROTEIN
A

urinometer (hydrometer)

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16
Q

SSA

turbidity + granulation + flocculation

A

3+

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17
Q

comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution

A

refractive index

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18
Q
  • Differentiation of urobilinogen, porphobilinogen and other Ehrlich-Reactive Compounds.
  • Extraction with CHLOROFORM and BUTANO
A

watson-schwartz test

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19
Q
  • Reducing agent
  • Causes false negative reactions to: “BB LNG”
A

ascorbic acid

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20
Q

Based on the principle that the frequency of a soundwave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution

A

harmonic oscillation densinometry

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21
Q

Principle: pKa change of polyelectrolytes

A

reagent strip (dipstick)

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22
Q

Impaired selective filtration due to glomerular damage causing high molecular weight (and negatively charged) substances to escape through

A

glomerular protenuria

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23
Q
  • 40 secs
  • Na Nitroprusside Test (Legal’s Test)
A

ketones

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24
Q

presence of intact RBC

A

hematuria

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25
Q
  • Most indicative of renal disease
  • White foam (albumin) upon shaking
  • Normally <10mg/dL or 100mg/24hrs. (albumin)
  • Principle: (Soresen’s) Error of Indicator
  • yellow (-)
  • blue to green (+)
  • sensitive to ALBUMIN
A

protein

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26
Q

SSA

distinct turbidity

A

1+

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27
Q
  • Compensated to temperature (no need for correction)
  • But still requires correction for Glucose and Proteins
A

refractometer

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28
Q
  • Rapid sreening test for UTI/Bacteuria
  • Considered as a valuable test for detecting initial bladder infection (cystitis)
  • Performed in parallel with Leukocyte esterase to determine the necessity for urine culture
  • SPECIMEN: First morning or 4hour urine
  • Principle: Greiss Reaction
A

nitrite

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29
Q

The most conventional method of urine chemical analysis is carried out through the use of a chemical impregnated plastic strip called

A

reagent strip

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30
Q

sugars

Increased in pregnancy, lactation and strict milk diet

A

lactose

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31
Q

harmonic oscillation densinometry

6mL of urine:

IRIS slideless micriscope (?)
IRIS mass gravity meter (?)

A
  • 4 mL
  • 2 mL
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32
Q
  • 2 mins
  • Leukocyte estarse
A

leukocytes

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33
Q
  • High Protein Diet
  • Dehydration
  • Cranberries
  • Diarrhea
  • Diabetis Mellitus
  • Acid (+) bacte
  • Starvation (ketone build up)
  • Drugs
  • Methamine mandelate
  • Fosfomycin tromethamine
A

causes of acidic urine

34
Q

SSA

noticeable turbidity

A

trace

35
Q
  • assessment of kidney’s concentrating ability.
  • Defined as the density of a solution compared w/ the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.
  • Infulenced by the number and density of particles dissolved in a solution.
A

specific gravity

36
Q
  • 1 min
  • (Soresen’s) error of indicator
A

proteins

37
Q
  • results from increased FAT METABOLISM due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates.
  • Principle: Legal’s Test (Sodium Nitroprusside reaction)
A

ketones

38
Q
  • 1 min
  • Double indicator system
A

pH

39
Q
  • non reducing sugar
  • False (+) in reagent strips but (-) in Copper reduction test
  • Increased in intestinal disorders
A

sucrose

40
Q

presence of hemoglobin pigment from RBC destruction

A

hemoglobinuria

41
Q

sugars

Increased fruits, honey or syrup intake

A

fructose

42
Q

sugars

Increased in infants with galactosemia

A

galactose

43
Q

what is the result

  • Highly alkaline urine interferes w/ the acid buffer (color change unrelated to CHON)
  • Long contact of urine to the reagent pad
  • Contamination w/ quarternary ammonia compounds, detergent and antiseptics
  • High specific gravity
A

false positive

44
Q
  • Significance: UTI/Inflammation, screen for urine culture specimens.
  • Principle: Leukocyte Esterase
A

leukocyte

45
Q

Cold precipitation that reacts equally on all forms of proteins

A

SSA (sulfosalicylic acid) precipitation test

46
Q
  • most frequently tested
  • Principle: Double sequential enzymatic reaction
A

glucose

47
Q

it reacts if ph is acidic

A

methyl red

48
Q
  • 30 secs
  • Diazo reaction
A

bilirubin

49
Q

pH normal values:

  • normal catch (?)
  • 1st morning (?)
  • afternoon (?)
A
  • 4-8 pH
  • 5-6 pH
  • > 7 pH
50
Q
  • 1 min
  • Greiss’s reaction
A

nitrites

51
Q
  • non-specific test for reducing sugars
  • Principle: Copper reduction in the presence of heat and alkali
A

clinitest/benedict’s test

52
Q

are High molecular substances and does not relate to renal concentration ability but will increase specific gravity.

A

glucose and protein (CHON)

53
Q
  • Caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney.
  • Not indicative of actual renal damage
  • Not detected by reagent strip for CHON because it only detects ALBUMIN
A

pre-renal proteinuria

54
Q
  • 1 min
  • pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
A

blood

55
Q

for detection of microalbuminuria

A

micral test

56
Q
  • indication of injury on the kidney
  • Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of Hgb
A

blood

57
Q

SSA

turbidity + granulation

A

2+

58
Q

store reagent strips in

A

30 degrees below

59
Q

sugars

Increased in benign pentosuria

A

pentose

60
Q

important indicator for identification of crystals and determination of unsatisfactory spx

A

pH

61
Q
  • Renal Tubular Acidosis
  • Hyperventilation
  • High Fiber (Veggies) Diet
  • Urease (+) bacte
  • After meal
  • Old specimen
A

causes of basic urine

62
Q

SSA

no increased turbidity

A

negative

63
Q

reagent for dipstick

A

bromothymol blue

64
Q

reagent for pH

A
  • bromothymol blue
  • methyl red
65
Q

reagent for protein

A

tetrabomphenol blue

66
Q

major urinary protein

A

albumin

67
Q

clinical protenuria

A

> 30 mg/dL

68
Q

proliferation of immunoglobulin producing plasma cells

A

multiple myeloma

69
Q
  • identified in serum electrophoresis
  • in urine: precipitates at 40-60 C (Cloudy)
    disoslves at 100 C
A

BENCE JONES PROTEIN

70
Q

ALBUMIN EXCRETION RATE

  • NORMAL AER = (?)
  • Microalbuminuria = (?)
  • Clinical Albuminuria = (?)
A
  • 0-20 ug/min
  • 20-200ug/min (30-300mg/24hours)
  • > 200ug/min
71
Q

reagent for glucose

A
  • glu oxidase
  • peroxidase
72
Q

color

aminopropylcarbazole

A

yellow to orange-brown

73
Q

Ortho-toluidine

A

pink to purple

74
Q

glucose interference

Contamination with strong oxidizers and non-reducing sugars

A

false (+)

75
Q

glucose interference

contamination/presence of reducing substances such as Vit. C

A

false (-)

76
Q

major ketone BUT NOT DETECTED IN REAGENT STRIP.

A

78% B-hydroxybutyric acid

77
Q

parent ketone

A

20% Aceto-Acetic Acid

78
Q

ketone detected only when GLYCINE is added

A

2% Acetone

79
Q

reagent for BLOOD

A

…hydroperoxidase

80
Q

color

  • (-) pink spots/edges
  • (+) uniform pink
A

nitrite

aubf (prelim) (6 decks)

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