intro to urinalysis Flashcards
identify
complete cessation of urine flow
anuria
types of specimen
- More preferred than midstream catch for urine culture.
- Passage of hollow tubing through the urethra into the bladder
cathetherized urine specimen
types of specimen
- Diabetic monitoring (insulin therapy)
- Specimen collection after a routine meal and 2hours after
- Comprehensive result is compared to FBS and Fasting Urine
2 hours post prandial urine specimen
specimen preservation
formalin
cytology
identify:
the organic compound in the urine consists of (?), (?)
- creatinine
- urea (most abundant)
identify
he published a book for uroscopy
hippocrates
types of specimen
- Collected together with blood GTT
- Number of spx to be collected depends on the number of GTT’s (also tested for ketones)
glucose tolerance urine specimen
identify:
the waste material in the urine consists of (?), (?)
organic and inorganic compound
types of specimen
- For routine and qualitative UA
- Not reliable due to its diurnal variation, physical activity, and dietary intake
random/occasional/single
identify:
1st book published to use the color chart
fasciculus medicinae
identify:
he published a book about the charlatans (pisse prophets)
thomas bryant/brian
identify:
when urobilinogen is oxidized, it becomes (?)
urobilin
identify:
urine is composed of 95% (?), and 5% (?)
- water
- formed elements
identify
the ultrafiltrate of the plasma
urine
identify:
the year when urinalysis becomes a routine test
1827 (richard bright)
identify
it uses reagent strip for chemical testing
dipstick urinalysis
identify:
the year when urinalysis was excluded as a routine test due to its complexity
1930
identify:
factors affecting the composition of urine
- dietary intake
- physical activity
- posture
- metabolism
- endocrine system
identify:
who invented the addis count?
thomas addis
identify:
they are uncertified (frauds), that lowers the credibility of urinalysis
pisse prophets (1600)
identify:
the impairment of ADH function/production leading to decrease water reabsorption
DI (diabetes insipidus)
specimen preservation
thymol
sediment preservation
common urine preservatives
- no UA interference
- May cause odor change
- Use 1drop/ounce of specimen
phenol
identify:
how many colors are their in the color chart?
20
common urine preservatives
- Glycolytic agent
- Good for drug analysis
- Inhibits Glu rgnt strip
- Subst with Na Benzoate for glu rgnt strip
Na fluoride
identify:
author of the book, fasciculus medicinae
johannes de ketham (1491)
types of specimen
- Aspiration directly from the bladder
- For urine culture and cytologic examinations
suprapubic aspirate
oliguria:
adults:
infants:
children:
adults: <500 mL/24hrs (H) or <400 mL/24hrs (S)
infants: <1 mL/kg/hr
children: <0.5 mL/kg/hr
identify
increase urine volume
polyuria
identify:
- quantitative: (?)
- qualitative: (?)
- confirmatory
- screening
identify
the person who boiled his urine
frederick dekker (1694)
identify:
it was the first to depict urinalysis
edwin smith surgical papyrus
common urine preservatives
- for CHON and formed elements
- No Routine
- UA interference except pH (pH 6, bacteriostatic) at 18g/L, affects drug and hormones analyses
boric acid
identify
we can detect microalbuminuria using?
micral test
types of specimen
- Difficult to obtain
- Make use of a soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to the genitalia for spx collection
- Spx may also be obtained by catetheriation/aspiration
pediatric specimen
common urine preservatives
- for glucose det and sediment preservation
- Interferes acid ppt for proteins.
thymol
identify:
it is commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner
urinalysis
identify
he discovered albuminuria
frederick dekker
nocturia:
adult: (?)
specific gravity: (?)
adult: >500 mL/night
specific gravity: <1.018
specimen preservation
refrigeration
storage before and after
identify:
the inorganic compound in the urine consists of (?), (?)
- chloride (most abundant)
- sodium
identify
the impairment of insulin function/production
DM (diapbetes mellitus)
identify
increased urine volume at night
nocturia
identify:
urine comes from the latin word (?)
urina
identify:
the book that thomas bryant published
certain pisse-pot lectures / the pisse prophet (1627)
specimen preservation
concentrated HCl
for quantitative analysis
identify
decrease urine volume
oliguria
identify:
a test to count cells in the urine
addis count
specimen volume needed:
- routine analysis (?)
- drug testing (?)
- microscopic analysis (?)
- glass slide method microscopic exam (?)
- 15 mL
- 16 mL
- 12 mL
- 0.02 mL (20 uL)
identify:
diagnosing illness by examining the patient’s urine
uroscopy
identify:
excessive urine hunger
polyphagia
common urine preservatives
- no routine UA interference
- Floats on suface and clings to glasswares
toluene
types of specimen
- Most ideal for routine and pregnancy testing
- Most concentrated and most acidic
- Best for cast and crystal retrieva
1st morning urine/8 hours specimen
specimen preservation
saccomano fixative
cytology
never use (?) and (?) because it affects urine chem
- betadine
- hexacholophene
identify
the century when the invention of microscope happen
17th century
types of specimen
- Contains least amt of normal floral contaminants from the distal urethra and external genitalia.
- Alternative to catetherized spx
- For routine and CS/GS
- Make use of antiseptic towelletes
midstream clean-catch urine specimen
specimen preservation
sodium carbonate
quantitative analysis of porphyrins, porphobilinogen
identify
what are the 4 corners (humors) in the color chart?
- sanguineous (red) - blood
- choleric (yellow) - yellow bile
- phlegmatic (green) - phlegm/sputum
- melancholic (black) - black bile
identify
this exposed the fraudality of the pisse prophets, that led to the development of medicine licensure (examination)
certain pisse-pot lectures / the pisse prophet (1627)
identify
he invented the microscope
zaccharias-hans jannsen
identify
how many grams are there in both organic and inorganic compound in the urine?
- organic (35g)
- inorganic (25g)
idenitfy:
it reflects an individual’s state of hydration
urine volume
identify
the addis count is processed within?
- 2 hrs
- > 2 hrs: preservative (formalin)
anuria:
adults: (?)
adults: <100 mL/24hrs for 2-3 days
identify:
common urine preservatives
- thymol
- boric acid
- toluene
- Na flouride
- phenol
identify:
- uses a reagent strip + microscopic exam (routine)
- provides real-time snapshot
basic urinalysis
types of specimen
- 2nd voided urine after the first morning urine
- For glucose determination
fasting urine/2nd morning
polyuria:
adults: (?)
children: (?)
adults: 2000 mL/24hrs (H) or 2500 mL/24hrs (S)
children: 25-30 mL/kg/hr
identify
a condition where there is a presence of hemoglobin in the urine?
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
identify:
normal urine volume
- 1200 - 1500 mL (S) or 600 to 2000 mL (H)
- 1 - 2.5 mL/kg/hr (children)
identify:
excessive urine thirst
polydypsia
