Renal Anatomy

Question 1

Kidney Function

3 main

Answer 1

• Regulate fluid
• Electrolyte balance
• Acid-base balance

Question 2

Urine Output

Answer 2

Normal: 500-2000
mL/day
Oliguria: < 500 mL, urinary stasis
Polyuria: >2500 mL
Anuria: 0-100 mL
~~~

Question 3

Renal Circulation

3 things

Answer 3

Afferent arteriole: brings blood to glom
Efferent arteriole: carries blood away from glom
Peritubular capillaries: vasa recta - blood supply to glomerular

Question 4

Nephron Basics

function, two kinds

Answer 4

Function: blood flow, filtration, absorbtion, secretion, concentration

Two kinds
- Cortical: short loops Henle
- Jextamedullary: long loops of Henle

Question 5

Glomerulus Purpose

and detail

Answer 5

Purpose: makes ultrafiltrate
Tuft of capillaries: encircled by Bowman’s capsule, govers glomerulus

Question 6

Filtration Barrier of Glomerulus Anatomy

3 things, and purpose

Answer 6

Capillary Endothelial Cells: lines inside arteriole, basic endothelial cell

Glomerular basement membrane: strongly anionic and shield of negativity, MW greater or equal to albumin pass sparingly

Podocytes (foot cells): phagocytize macromolecules too large to pass

Question 7

Glomerular Filtration Ratae

Answer 7

Good measure of renal disease/health
- Measured with creatinine clearance
- Varies depending on age, gender, race

Question 8

Proximal Tubule

purpose, materials

Answer 8

Reabsorption
Materials: NaCl, water, amino acid, bicarb, glucose, uric acid, phosphate
Secretes: H+ ions, eliminate waste that doesn’t fit through glomerulus and also acid-base equilibrium

Question 9

Abnormal Proximal Tubules: Correlations

Answer 9

Glucose, epis
Slight increase in protein
Increase in specific gravity

Question 10

Maximal Reabsorptive Capacity

Answer 10

Tm: mg of solute that can be reabsorbed per minute
Renal threshold level: if plasma concentration is over the Tm, then contents spill over into the urine

Question 11

Acid-Base Balance Basics

Answer 11

Bicarbonate is a buffer, must be reabsorbed
- H+ secreted
- Stimulates bicarb reabsorption

Question 12

Loop of Henle

purpose, the two loops

Answer 12

Maintain gradient

• Most concentrated filtrate
• Reabsorbs NaCl and water

Descending loop: water out
Ascending loop: Na+/Cl- out, only water impermeable part of nephron

Proper concentration of urine

Question 13

Distal Tubules

Purpose

Answer 13

Reabsorption to meet body needs and fine tuning

Question 14

Collecting Ducts

Answer 14

Pretty much the same as the distals

Question 15

Final Renal Concentration

ADH overview and effects

Answer 15

Anti diuretic hormone: constricts blood vessels, helps kidney control the amount of water and salt in body

Low hydration= increased ADH, increased permeability, more water reabsorbed

High hydration= low ADH, low permeability, less water reabsorbed

Question 16

Final Composition of Urine After Whole Process

3 main things

Answer 16

• Water
• Urea
• Electrolyes

Other things: creatinine, uric acid, small proteins, enzymes, minerals, hormones, drug and vitamin metabolites

Question 17

Abnormal Urine Components: Correlations

Answer 17

Protein: glomerular filtration dysfunction
Glucose: tubular reapsorption dysfunction, plasma concentration over threshold
Other: high amounts of normal components means abnormal concentrating functions