Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microscopy > Disease Correlations: Tubular Diseases > Flashcards

Disease Correlations: Tubular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

2 types, leads to?

A

RTE destruction, aschemic ATN: blood flow loss, sheets of RTE, casts
Toxic ATN: proximal tubules

Leads to acute renal failure, damage can be reversed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis: Correlations

A

Positive blood
Low SG
WBCs
Increased RTEs
Casts: renal cell, granular, waxy, broad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tubular Dysfunction: General

A

Normal glomerular filtration
- Affects only one portion of renal tubule
- One solute or many are affected
- Genetic abnormality vs. metabolic buildup
- Can be primary or secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fanconi’s Syndrome

what is it, can be caused by

A

Loss of proximal tubule function: stubstances that are reabsorbed still get released in urine

Can be caused by: inherited metabolic disease, toxin exposure, glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Renal Glucosuria

what is it

A

Inherited: autosomal recessive
- Decreased reabsorption of glucose: ends up in urine
- Benign, normal blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

what is it

A

Tubule is nonresponsive to ADH
- Release a lot of urine
- Dilute urine, decreased water retention, increase plasma osmalarity
Genetic or acquired, excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)

And systemic metabolic acidosis

A

Tubules can’t secrete H+ ions OR can’t absorb bicarb
Inherited: autosomal dominant
Secondary to tissue damage
Systemic metabolic acidosis: paralysis, renal failure with neutral or basic urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cystinuria

what is it, what does it cause

A

Tubular disease
Tubules can’t absorb cystine/amino acids
- Inherited
- Increased risk of kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cystinosis

what is it, age?

A

Metabolic Disease
Cystine deposits throughout body: can cause Fanconi’s
- Inherited: typically in infancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal Phosphaturia

what, symptoms

A

Rare inherited: sex linked
Distal tubules unable to reabsorb inorganic phosphorus
Low serum phos levels, decreased bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Interstitial Diseases

3 types

A
  • Tubulointerstitial
  • UTI
  • Acute interstitial Nephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Urinary Tract Infections

locations, risk, causes

A

Lower: urethra, bladder
Upper: ureter, renal pelvis, interstitium
Increased risk in women: urethra length, hormones, intercourse, no prostatic fluid
Causes?
Usually sterile urine, but bacteria in distal parts of urethra
- 85% are endogenous
- Some hospital-acquired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lower UTI

what is it, UA, symptoms

A

Bladder infection
- Pain, burning at urination, incomplete and infrequent voids
UA:
- WBCs, bacteria, nitrite, culture with >100,000 colinies/mL
- Possible low protein, blood, transitional epis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acute Pyleonephritis (AP)

what is it, what does it cause, where

A

Bacteria proliferate in interstitium: toxins, WBC damage in tubules, recurrence
Upper UTI/kidney infection
Causes: reflux, obstructions, stones, blood infection, infection from lower going up the tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

AP/Upper UTI: Correlations

A

UA
- Bacteria, WBC, nitrite
- __Casts__
- Protein, blood variable
- RTE, transitional
- Low SG

Other
- Sudden
- Flank pain
- Urgency
- Fever nausea, malaise, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

what is it, what does it causes

A

Permanent scarring of renal tissue
Causes: untreated/repeat infections, reflux nephropathies, chronic obstruction
- Renal calyces dilated and deformed, 10-15% lead to CRF and dialysis

17
Q

Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)

what is it

A

Response to drug or toxin
- Allergic, toxic, drug abuse
- High WBC infiltrate, PMNs or eos
- Remove drug or toxin, sometimes irreversible

18
Q

Acute Interstitial Nephritis Correlations

A

UA
- Hematuria, mild proteinuria, “sterile” leukocyturia
- Eosinophils (microscopic only)
- WBC casts

19
Q

Urolithiasis

what does it cause, crystals (4)

A

“Kidney stones”, renal calculi: solid aggregates of chemicals
Mostly in renal calyces and pelvis
- Mostly calcium, triple phosphate, uric acid, cystine

20
Q

Stones: Formation & Correlation

A
  1. Increase in chemical salt concentration
  2. Changes in pH
  3. Urinary stasis
  4. Foreign body seed

Correlation: pain, hematuria, crystal

21
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

Sudden drop in glomerular filtration rate: can’t remove waste (azotemia), can’t concentrate urinem oliguria
- Reversible but can be fatal
- Can be renal or non-renal causes

22
Q

Acute Renal Failure Causes

pre, renal, post

A

Pre-renal
- Loss of blood flow
- Ateriole BP < 80 mmHg
- Hepatorenal syndrome
- Increased serum Na

Renal
- Any renal disease, especially acute
- Renal/glomerular damage

Post-renal
- Obstruction

23
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A
  • Irreversible and progressive (months/years) loss of renal function
  • Mostly because of glomerular disease
  • Progresses to end stage renal disease eventually, based on %GF and symptoms
24
Q

Chronic Renal Failure Correlations

SG special

A

UA
- Low and fixed SG = 1.010
- Chronic proteinuria
- Hemoglobinuria, waxy and broad casts

Other
- Azotemia, acid/base issues, abnormal electrolytes
- Oliguria, hypertension, edema

25
Q

End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

A
  • <5% of normal GFR
  • Glomerular scarring
  • Reduced capillaries
  • Tubular atrophy
  • Renal fibrosis
  • Reduced kidney mass

Dialysis/transplant required

26
Q

Aminoaciduria

3 of them, inherited vs secondary

A

Overflow, no-threshold, or renal causes
Inherited
- Defective/defic. enzyme, error of metabolism
- Tubular dysfunction

Secondary
- Other primary renal disease or generalized tubular dysfunction like Fanconi’s

27
Q

Overflow Aminoaciduria

A

Increased plasma levels spill into urine
- IEMs
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Tyrinsosis

28
Q

No-Threshold Aminoaciduria

A

No normal renal mechanism for reabsorption
- Metabolic stage is not normal form because of IEM
- Don’t need ecessive levels in plasma to see in urine
- Homocystinuria

29
Q

Renal-Transport Aminoaciduria

A

Abnormal protein responsible for reabsorption decreases the tubular function
- Normal plasma and metabolism
- Cystinuria

30
Q

Other Metabolic Conditions

A

Porphyrins
- Inherited or acquired from lead poison
- Wine colored urine, skin marks

Carb Disorders
- Galactosuria: enzyme defic. serious
- Purine disorders: excessive uric acid

Microscopy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions