RENAL ANATOMY Flashcards
-paired, bean-shaped organs which is found in either side of our
spinal column
● Kidneys
- about the size of a fist which measures around _______cm
- specific location of your kidneys in our body it is between your
_________of the spinal column
10 to 12 cm
T12 to L3
- outermost
- containing blood vessels connected to nephrons
● Renal Cortex
- innermost
- contains 8-12 renal pyramids, which contains 1 million
nephrons
● Renal Medulla
- central region of region, location of renal sinuses (cavity
inside kidney) where urine is collected continuing to the
ureter
● Renal Pelvis
functional unit of the kidney
-________________ are in the renal
cortex
Nephron
Glomerulus and convoluted tubule
afferent arteriole ⮕ glomerulus ⮕ efferent arteriole ⮕
bowman’s capsule and space ⮕ proximal convoluted
tubule ⮕ loop of henle (thick and thin descending and
thick and thin ascending) ⮕ distal convoluted tubule⮕
collecting ducts
B. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Pathway
____________is the cluster of capillaries while bowman’s
capsule is a single layer of epithelial cells
Glomerulus
surrounds proximal and distal convoluted
tubule
- function is absorbance
● Peritubular capillaries
meshwork of capillary system
- surrounds loop of henle
- function is either concentrating or diluting urine
● Vasa Recta
helps control our blood pressure
- indirectly helps maintain level of
sodium and potassium
Renin
- stimulate red blood cell production
Erythropoietin
- helps on absorption of calcium
➔ 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3
- regulation of renal blood flow
➔ Prostaglandins
➔ around 1200-1500 ml per minute
- Renal blood flow
➔ the product of glomerulus
- Glomerular filtration
130 -150 mL/min
Glomerular filtrate
volume of blood filtered per minute
➔ Glomerular filtration rate:
- presence of two arterioles
- High pressure
cut off value of molecular
size that is able to pass
through is 66,000 daltons,
exceeding that size will not
be permitted to pass
- Semi-permeable
repel all substance that cary
negative charges
- Negatively- charged basement
membrane
making too much aldosterone
and increase of sodium level
Conn syndrome
- not producing enough
aldosterone
- Addison’s Disease
increased antidiuretic hormone, more
water being absorbed
SIADH
decreased antidiuretic
hormone, decrease water being reabsorbed
Diabetes Insipidus
movement of substance from the peritubular
capillary plasma to the tubular lumen
➔ tubular cells secrete products of their own
cellular metabolism to the filtrate in the tubular
lumen
. Tubular secretion
standard test used to measure the filtering
capacity of the glomeruli
- measures the rate at which the kidneys are
able to remove a filterable substance from the
blood
➔ Clearance Tests
➔ Clearance Tests
- Urea clearance test
- Creatinine clearance test
➢ gold standard but requires
intravenous infusion, is expensive and
time consuming
- Inulin clearance
available in the body, is an inhibitor of
cysteine proteinase
➢ not affected by sex, age, and muscle
mass
➢ very difficult to measure and is
expensive
➢ being completely reabsorbed, once
present in urine, it means a sign of
kidney failure
- Cystatin C
protein expressed by neutrophil
➢ if there is an acute kidney injury,
immediately rise within 2-6 hours,
useful predictor of acute injury
➢ disadvantage is that is has no
specificity, NGAL can also increase
with other disorders
NGAL
- Exceeding concentration of substance
in the blood in which the kidneys
begin to remove it to the urine
Renal Threshold
➔ first function to be affected when a patient has renal
diseases
● Tubular Reabsorption Tests
determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the
essential salts and water that have been
non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus
➔ Concentration Tests
measure the concentration of
analytes in the urine
- Osmolality and Osmolarity
number of osmose of
solute in kilograms
Osmolality
number of osmose in liter
Osmolarity
measure the amount of solute-free
water being excreted in the kidney
- Free Water clearance
➢ ‘looking at specific gravity
➢ 24 hr water deprivation
- Fishberg Test
➢ looking at specific gravity
➢ day vs night
- Mosenthal Test
to measure the exact amount of blood flowing through
the kidney, it is necessary to use a substance that is
completely removed from the blood (peritubular
● Tubular Secretion Tests and Renal Blood Flow Tests
non toxic substance
➢ not present on the body so it is being
taken orally
➢ loosely bound to plasma protein
- PAH (p-aminohippuric) test
measure the amount of acid present
in the solution
- Titratable acidity
➢ total acidity - titratable acidity
(hydrogen ion present) =
concentration of ammonia
- Urinary Ammonia
