Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLIN CHEM LEC 1 FINALS > LIPIDS > Flashcards

LIPIDS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

● Comes from the greek word “Lipos” which means fat

A

LIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Refers to a collection of organic molecules of varying chemical
composition

A

LIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are grouped together on the basis of their solubility in nonpolar
solvents

A

LIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 main groups of lipids

A

→ Fatty Acids (Saturated and Unsaturated)
→ Glycerides (Glycerol-containing Lipids)
→ Nonglyceride Lipids (Sphingolipids,Steroids,Wax)
→ Complex Lipids (Lipoproteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

→ When oxidized, each gram of fat releases 9 kcal of energy,
or more than twice the energy released by oxidation of a
gram of carbohydrate

A

● Energy Source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

→ In the form of triglycerides (TAG) in adipocytes

A

● Energy Storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

● Cell Membrane Structural Components

A

→ Phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids make up
the basic structure of all cell membranes
→ Hence cell membrane is referred to as phospholipid
bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

● Hormones

A

→ Steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

→ Lipid-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

A

● Vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

→ Dietary fat serves as a carrier of the lipid-soluble vitamins

A

● Vitamin Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

→ fats as shock absorber

A

● Protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

→ subcutaneous fat

A

● Insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

● Are long-chain monocarboxylic acids

A

A. FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

▪ Less than 6 carbons

A

→ SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

6-10 carbons
▪ Includes 11

A

MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

▪ More than 12 carbons

A

→ LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

→ No double bond
→ Each C being “saturated” with H
→ General Formula: CH3(CH2)nCOOH

A

● SATURATED FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Composed of at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond
→ Almost are in the cis configuration

A

● UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

→ Composed of one carbon-to-carbon double bond

A

● MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

→ Composed of more than one carbon-to carbon double
bond
→ are identified by position of the double bond nearest the
methyl end (CH3 ) of the carbon chain; this is described
as an omega number;

A

● POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

→ H’s on same side of the double bond; fold into a U-like
formation; naturally occurring

A

● cis-FATTY ACID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

▪ the two hydrogen atoms will repel each other

A

● cis-FATTY ACID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

→ H’s on the opposite side of the double bond; occur in
partially hydrogenated food
→ Straight structure

A

● trans-FATTY ACID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

→ Double bond can be found only before the 9th carbon
atom

A

Essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

→ No double bond before the 9th carbon atom

A

● Nonessential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fatty acids react with alcohols to form _______ and __________

A

ESTERIFICATION
esters and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Producing fatty acids from esters
- Opposite of esterification

A
  1. ACID HYDROLYSIS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester
- the product of this reaction, an ionized salt, is a soap

A
  1. SAPONIFICATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Used in the food industry to convert
polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated
solid fats

A
  • Hydrogenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Carried out to add hydrogen to some, but not
all, double bonds in polyunsaturated oils
➔ In this way liquid vegetable oils are converted
into solid form (Crisco and margarine)

A
  • Partial Hydrogenation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

● Are lipid esters that contain the glycerol molecule and fatty

A

B. GLYCERIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

– nonionic and nonpolar
- Produce after the esterification of glycerol with a
fatty acid

A

Neutral Glycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Esterification may occur at one, two, or all three
positions, producing:

A

Monoglycerides
o Diglycerides
o Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

have polar region, the
phosphoryl group, in addition to the nonpolar fatty acid
tails

A

Phosphoglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

→ Are lipids that are not derived from glycerol
→ Amphipathic and structural components of cellular
membrane

A

● SPHINGOLIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

→ Derived from sphingosine (long chain, N-containing
alcohol)

A

● SPHINGOLIPIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

→ Located throughout the body, but are particularly important
structural lipid components of nerve cell membranes
→ Found in abundance in the myelin sheath the surrounds
and insulate cells of the CNS

A

● SPHINGOMYELINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

→ Include the cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides
→ Are built on a ceramide backbone structure, which is a
fatty acid amide derivative of sphingosine

A

● GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (GLYCOLIPIDS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Are characterized by the presence of a single
monosaccharide head group

A

● CEREBROSIDES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ound in the membranes of
macrophage. If the head group is glucose.
- Consists of ceramide bonded to the hexose glucos

A

Glucocerebroside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

– found almost exclusively in the
membranes of brain cells. If the head group is
galactose.
- Consists of ceramide joined to the monosaccharide
galactose

A

Galactocerebroside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

→ Contain the steroid nucleus (steroid carbon skeleton)

A

STEROIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

▪ known sterol, found in the membranes

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

→ Amphipathic
→ Involved in the regulation of the fluidity of the membrane as a
result of the nonpolar fused ring
→ Hydroxyl group is polar

A

CHOLESTEROL

45
Q

▪ chemical name of cholesterol

A

→ Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene ring

46
Q

→ Can also exist in an esterified form called

A

cholesteryl ester

47
Q

→ Are amphipathic derivatives of cholesterol
→ Synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

A

● BILE SALTS

48
Q

– whose polar hydroxyl groups interact
with water and whose hydrophobic regions bind to lipids

A

Emulsifying agent

49
Q

→ Contain fats
→ Act like your lipids. If steroid hormones are in your
bloodstream, it won’t mix with blood.
→ Needs a carrier to travel in your bloodstream.
→ Testosterone
→ Progesterone
→ Estrone, Estrogen, and its derivatives
→ Cortisone and Cortisol
→ Aldosterone

A

● STEROID HORMONES

50
Q

→ Derived from many different sources and have a variety of
chemical compositions, depending on the source

A

WAXES

51
Q

protective coating for hair and skin (used in skin
creams and ointments)

A

Lanolin

52
Q

● Are bonded to other types of molecules

A

COMPLEX LIPIDS

53
Q

▪ Has a lipid portion and a protein portion(apolipoprotein)
▪ Consist of a core of hydrophobic lipids surrounded by
amphipathic proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

A

LIPOPROTEINS

54
Q

● Typically spherical in shape and range in size 10 to 1200 nm
● Composed of both lipids and proteins, called apolipoproteins
● Larger LPP particles have larger core regions (contain relatively
more TAG and cholesteryl ester)
→ Lighter; Lower density

A

LIPOPROTEINS

55
Q

Classification (based on ultracentrifugation)

A

Chylomicrons [chylos]
● Very-low-density LPP [VLDL]
● Low-density LPP [LDL]
● High-density LPP [HDL]

56
Q

Beta region

A

Very-low-density

57
Q

pre beta region

A

LDL

58
Q

○ alpha region

A

HDL

59
Q

● Location: surface of LPP particles

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

60
Q

→ Help maintain the structural integrity of LPP
→ Serve as ligands for cell receptors

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

61
Q

● contain “amphipathic helix”

A

APOLIPOPROTEINS

62
Q

→ Major protein on HDL

A

● Apo A-1

63
Q

→ Is a large protein with MW 500 kD
→ Principal protein on LDL, VLDL, and Chylomicrons

A

● Apo B

64
Q

Is found on LDL and VLDL
- Ligand for the LDL receptor

A

▪ Apo B-100

65
Q
  • Exclusively found in chylomicrons
A

▪ Apo B-48

66
Q

→ Found in LDL, VLDL, and HDL
→ Serves as a ligand for the LDL receptor and the
chylomicron remnant receptor
→ Apo E2, Apo E3, Apo E4

A

● Apo E

67
Q

Contain apo B-48
○ Account for the turbidity of
postprandial plasma
- Increased lipoprotein:
Chylomicrons
- Increased lipid: Triglycerides
○ Readily float to the top of stored
plasma and form a creamy layer
- chylous, turbid, milky, cloudy,
lipemic plasma/serum
○ Produced by the intestine
○ Deliver dietary (exogenous) lipids to
hepatic and peripheral cells
- most of which are triglycerides

A

CHYLOMICRONS

68
Q

○ Contain apo B-100, apo E, and apo C
○ Produced by the liver
○ Rich in TAG like chylomicrons
○ Account for most of the turbidity observed in fasting
hyperlipidemic plasma specimens but do not form a top,
creamy layer
- VLDL is the increased lipoprotein when serum/plasma is
cloudy while patient is fasting
○ Major carriers of endogenous (hepatic derived) triglycerides
○ Transfer TAG from the liver to peripheral tissue

A

II. VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

69
Q

Contains apo B-100 and apo E
○ Primarily formed as a consequence of the lipolysis of VLDL

A

III.LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

70
Q

○ Smallest and the most dense
○ Synthesized by both the liver and intestine
○ Can exist either as disk-shaped or as spherical-shaped

A

IV.HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

71
Q

Most active form in removing excess cholesterol from
peripheral cells
- Newly synthesized HD

A

○ DISCOIDAL HDL

72
Q

▪ Larger in size and richer in lipid than HDL3
▪ May be more efficient in delivering lipids to the liver

A
  • HDL2
73
Q

2 plasma proteins that remodels your HDL:

A

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP)
- Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)

74
Q

4 pathways

A
  1. Absorption pathway
  2. Exogenous pathway
  3. Endogenous pathway
  4. Reverse Cholesterol Transport Pathway
75
Q

▪ Formed through the metabolism of VLDL in circulation;
lipid content, size, and density of IDL is intermediate
between VLDL and LDL

A
  • Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
76
Q

▪ is similar to LDL in terms of density and overall
composition, and can be thought of as an LDL particle
to which apo(a) has been added, linked to apoB-100
via a disulfide bond

A
  • Lipoprotein (a)
77
Q

▪ is an abnormal lipoprotein found in patients with
obstructive biliary disease, and in patients with familial
lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency

A
  • LpX Lipoprotein
78
Q

▪ * is an abnormal lipoprotein that accumulates in type 3
hyperlipoproteinemia

A
  • ẞ-VLDL Lipoprotein or Floating ẞ Lipoprotein
79
Q

Minor lipoproteins

A

Intermediate density lipoprotein
Lpa

80
Q

Abnormal lipoproteins

A

Lpx
B- VLDL Lipoprotein or floating B lipoproteins

81
Q

Men and women both show a tendency toward increased
_______, ________, ________concentrations with age

A

TC, LDL, TAG

82
Q

_____, ____, ______ and triglycerides in young children are generally much
lower than those seen in adults

A

TC, LDL, TAG

83
Q

: Most likely to have coronary heart disease

A

Positive risk factors

84
Q

Less likely to have coronary heart disease

A

Negative risk factor

85
Q

NCEP

A
  • National Cholesterol Education Program
86
Q

Diseases associated with abnormal lipid
concentrations

A

DYSLIPIDEMIA

87
Q

Genetic abnormalities
▪ Environmental/Lifestyle imbalances
▪ Develop secondarily, as a consequence of other
diseases
▪ Associated with CHD or arteriosclerosis

A

DYSLIPIDEMIA

88
Q

→ 2 Categories of dyslipidemia

A

→ 2 Categories

89
Q

3 SUBDIVISIONS:
of 3 SUBDIVISIONS:

A

Hypercholesterolemia
● Hypertriglyceridemia
● Combined hyperlipidemia

90
Q

Most closely linked to heart disease
▪ Increased in LDL cholesterol
▪ Genetic abnormalities

A
  • Hypercholesterolemia
91
Q

▪ Genetic
▪ Individuals synthesize intracellular cholesterol
normally, but lack, or are deficient in, active LDL
receptors

A

→ FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

92
Q

Result of an imbalance between synthesis and
clearance of VLDL in the circulation

A
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
93
Q

Genetic

A

▪ FAMILIAL HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

94
Q

o Another ongoing disease
▪ Life-threatening abnormality because it can cause
acute and recurrent pancreatitis

A

▪ SECONDARY HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

95
Q

Presence of elevated levels of serum total
cholesterol and triglycerides
▪ Considered at increased risk of CHD

A
  • Combined Hyperlipoproteinemia
96
Q

Currently thought to confer increased risk of CHD and
CVD
▪ Can block plasminogen, forming clots along the arterial
wall that will not be dissolved

A
  • Lp(a) Elevation
97
Q

Are abnormalities marked by decreased lipoprotein
concentrations

A

HYPOLIPOPROTEINEMIA

98
Q
  • is a disorder consisting of low levels of LDL
    cholesterol or apolipoprotein B
A
  • Hypobetalipoproteinemia
99
Q

▪ Indicates an isolated decrease in circulating HDL
▪ Tangier Disease
▪ HDL concentrations as low as 1-2 mg/dL (0.03 – 0.05
mmol/L)
▪ Total chole as low as 50 – 80 mg/dL (1.3 – 2.1 mmol/L)
▪ mutations in the ABCA1 gene or the ABCA1
transporter, which mediates the first step of the reverse
cholesterol transport pathway
▪ ↓APO A-1

A

HYPOALPHALIPOPROTEINEMIA

100
Q

LCAT DEFICIENCY
2 FORMS

A

● Complete (homozygous)
● Mild (heterozygous)

101
Q

Corneal clouding
○ Nephropathy
○ Hemolytic anemia
○ HDL deficiency

CNHH

A

● Complete (homozygous)

102
Q

● Complete (homozygous)

A

● Mild (heterozygous)

103
Q
A
104
Q
A
105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q
A
108
Q
A

CLIN CHEM LEC 1 FINALS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions