renal anatomy

Question 1

what is the abdominal cavity?

Answer 1

forms the superior/major part of the abdominopelvic cavity
-between diaphragm and pelvis inlet
-extends to thoracic cage
-is the location of most organs

Question 2

how are the 9 abdominal regions divided?

Answer 2

-right and left mid-clavicular planes bisect inguinal ligament
-the subcostal plane below the ribcage
-trans tubercle plans (along tubercle of iliac crest; superior to the ASIS)

Question 3

what is found in the right upper quadrant?

Answer 3

-right lobe of liver
-gallbladder
-right kidney
-head of pancreas

Question 4

what is found in the left upper quadrant?

Answer 4

-left lobe of liver
-spleen
-stomach
-head and tail of pancreas
-left kidney

Question 5

what is found in the right lower quadrant?

Answer 5

-right ovary
-cecum
-appendix

Question 6

what is found in the left lower quadrant?

Answer 6

-left ovary
-sigmoid colon

Question 7

what is the peritoneum?

Answer 7

-largest serous membrane in the body

Question 8

parietal vs visceral peritoneum?

Answer 8

-parietal = internal surface of abdominopelvic wall
-visceral = invests in the viscera
-contains various peritoneal folds

Question 9

what is the mesentery?

Answer 9

-double layer of peritoneum
-binds jejunum/ileum to abdominal wall
-neurovascular communication between organ and body wall

Question 10

what is the omentum?

Answer 10

double layered fold/extension of peritoneum
-passes from stomach and duodenum –> to adjacent organs
-covers most of viscera

Question 11

greater vs. lesser omentum?

Answer 11

-greater = greater curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum - like an “apron”
-lesser = lesser curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum to liver

Question 12

what is the liver connected to and how?

Answer 12

-stomach via hepatogastric ligament
-duodenum via hepatoduodenal ligament
-anterior abdominal wall via falciform ligament

Question 13

what are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 13

-excretion (nitrous waste)
-elimination (waste product discharge)
-homeostatic regulation of blood plasma

Question 14

where do the kidneys lie?

Answer 14

retroperitoneally on posterior abdominal wall

Question 15

what is hemodialysis vs pertioneal dialysis?

Answer 15

-hemodialysis = machine filtering blood before retuned to body
-peritoneal dialysis= peritoneum acts as a natural filter

Question 16

what is located in the renal hilum?

Answer 16

-renal artery
-renal vein
-renal pelvis

Question 17

what is the nephron composed of (2)? and where?

Answer 17

-renal corpuscle (blood plasma) and tubule (filtrate)
-located within renal pyramids

Question 18

drainage of nephron

Answer 18

nephron–> proximal convolated tubule–> loop of henle–< distal tubule–> collecting duct–> minor calyces–> major calyces–> renal pelvis –> ureter

Question 19

where do the adrenal glands lie?

Answer 19

-superior to each kidney and below the diaphragm
-renal fascia separates it from the kidney
-encapsuled in perirenal fat capsule

Question 20

what do the adrenal glands secrete?

Answer 20

-epi/norepinephrine
-corticosteroids
-androgens

Question 21

what are the ureters?

Answer 21

-muscular tubes
-renal pelvis to bladder
-peristaltic contraction force urine towards bladder

Question 22

what is the storage capacity of the bladder?

Answer 22

-700-800 mL capacity
-200-400 mL at parasympathetic state
-splanchnic nerve plexus

Question 23

what does the urethra pass through? length?

Answer 23

-urogential diaphragm (external urinary sphincter)
-20 cm in males vs 8 cm in females

Question 24

what is the muscle of the pelvic floor and what does it support?

Answer 24

levator ani is largest pelvic floor muscle
-supports viscera
-resists thrust from intra-abdominal pressure

Question 25

what can tear in childbirth? can lead to?

Answer 25

perineum may tear (ie in childbirth)
-can lead to urinary stress incontinence
-possibly strengthened by kegels