endocrine II

Question 1

what is the thyroid gland made up of and what are the 2 hormones it produces?

Answer 1

-made up of follicular and areolar connective tissue
-produces TH and calcitonin

Question 2

what does TH synthesis require?

Answer 2

iodine

Question 3

what si the function of TH?

Answer 3

-it acts on the cells to increase metabolism
-increases heat
(thyroxine, T3, T4)

Question 4

what is Grave’s disease?

Answer 4

HYPERthyroidism
-an autoimmune condition
-excessive thyroxine

Question 5

when are from where is calcitonin secreted?

Answer 5

-secreted from the thyroid gland
-released if blood calcium is high and increases absorption of calcium into the bones and kindeys
-decreased absorption of calcium in gut

Question 6

what is PTH?

Answer 6

Parathyroid hormone is the antagonist to calcitonin
-releases calcium into blood
-increases gut absorption
-decreases absorption from kidney and bones release the calcium

Question 7

how is vitamin D activated/synthesized?

Answer 7

-activated by PTH
-stimulates calcium and phosphate absorption from intestine
-can be synthesized from cholesterol derivative when there is sun exposure (liver/kidney)

Question 8

what is vitamin D deficiency in adults and children?

Answer 8

-children=rickets
-adults=osteomalacia
-decalcification of bones leading to muscle weakness, weight loss, and bone pain

Question 9

what is secreted from the adrenal medulla

Answer 9

epinephrine
-longer sympathetic effect
-increased breathing, metabolic rate, and heart rate (fight/flight)

Question 10

what is secreted from the adrenal cortex

Answer 10

-steroids
-mineralcorticoids; aldosterone
-glucocorticoids; cortisol
-androgens

Question 11

when is aldosterone released and from where?

Answer 11

released from the adrenal cortex
-released if blood volume or sodium level is low; acts on renal tubules to speed up Na/K pump
-increases sodium reabsorption (water follows)
-also plays a role in BP control?

Question 12

what are androgens?

Answer 12

-secretes both male and female sex hormones in both sexes (males produce estrogen, females produce testosterone)

Question 13

what is DHEA?

Answer 13

-it is overpowered by testicular testosterone in males
-in females, it causes growth spurt, pubic hair, and female libedo

Question 14

why is estrogen important in men?

Answer 14

-bone health
-cholesterol levels
-low estrogen=increased belly fat and poor bone health
-high estrogen=developing breasts, erectile dysfunction, infertility

Question 15

what is the function of glucocorticoid?

Answer 15

-plays a role in glucose balance (increases it)
-stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis
-inhibits glucose uptake by cells
-stimulates protein break-down in muscles
-facilitates lipolysis

Question 16

what is the ‘stress hormone’ and how does it work?

Answer 16

-high BP and fatty acids
-key role in adaptation to stress
-anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects that can result in sickness if cortisol levels get too high

Question 17

what are the 3 phases of the stress response?

Answer 17

1. alarm (fight/flight)
2. resistance (cortisol response)
3. exhaustion (abnormal body function and organ system failure)

Question 18

what hormones are involved in the stress response?

Answer 18

-cortisol
-hGH
-TH

Question 19

what are the immediate effects of stress?

Answer 19

-nor/epinephrine in the sympathetic NS (2-3 secs)
-adrenal response: epi/norepinephrine from adrenal medulla (20-30 secs)
-increase heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

Question 20

what is the second stage of the stress response ?

Answer 20

-cortisol is the primary hormone but hGH and TH are also involved
-lasts longer than original fight/flight phase
-stress adaptation leading to higher blood sugar and fatty acids

Question 21

what is Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 21

when there is too high level of cortisol
-hyperabsorption in the gut
-hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia
-poor immune function
-weight gain
-sweating

Question 22

function of the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

Answer 22

have acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes

Question 23

function of endocrine cells of pancreas?

Answer 23

Islets of Langerhans
Pancreatic islets

Question 24

what do alpha and beta and delta cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 24

alpha cells = glucagon
beta cells = insulin
delta = somatostatin (which inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon)

Question 25

when is insulin released and how does it function?

Answer 25

-released when blood glucose is high
-causes glucose to move into cells and form glycogen
-also promotes cellular uptake of fatty acids and amino acids (enhances conversion of these into triglycerides and proteins)

Question 26

when is glucagon released and how does it act?

Answer 26

-released if blood glucose is low
-increases blood glucose by gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen), and ketogenesis

Question 27

what is the absorptive and post-absorptibve feeding state?

Answer 27

absorptive= 3-4 hours after eating insulin is the main controller to move nutrients into cells and storage
POST-absorptive is more than 4 hour after eating glucagon is the main controller to move nutrients out of storage and cells

Question 28

what is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 28

insufficient (HYPOsecretion) secretion on insulin
-leads to high blood glucose
-traceable glucose in urine and high urine volume
-frequent urination, thirst, and hunger

Question 29

Type I vs. II Diabetes mellitus?

Answer 29

TYPE I= low insulin, autoimmune disorder, daily injections or insulin and monitoring is needed
TYPE II= low insulin response, gradually onset with lifestyle habits, islets of Langerhans are ‘worn out;

Question 30

early vs. late TYPE II diabetes mellitus

Answer 30

early= a poor response to insulin as insulin levels are too high; CANNOT be given insulin injections as this would further desensitize them
late= beta cells are fully dysfunctional and insulin levels dropped; now may need insulin injections

Question 31

what are possible complications with diabetes mellitus?

Answer 31

-long term tissue damage
-atherosclerosis
-diabetic retinopathy
-kidney damage
-heart disease
-neuropathies

Question 32

what are the 3 reproductive hormones?

Answer 32

estrogen , testosterone, progesterone

Question 33

what do the testes secrete and when?

Answer 33

testosterone from puberty to death
-develop secondary sex characteristics
-sperm production (motility/number)

Question 34

what do the ovaries secrete and what does it control?

Answer 34

-estrogen and progesterone effects the cyclic cycle (follicles/corpus luteum)

Question 35

what are the effects of estrogen?

Answer 35

-menstrual cycle, increased fat, increased water, breasts, bone deposition, mucous