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KNES 260 FINAL > endocrine I: central hormones > Flashcards

endocrine I: central hormones Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system include?

A

-hypothalamus
-pituitary
-thyroid/parathyroid
-adrenals
-pancreas
-ovaries/testes

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2
Q

how is the body chemically regulated?

A

hormones are made in glands and transported by blood; made for long-distance target tissues and activates physiological responses

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3
Q

what does hormone half-life indicate?

A

the length of a hormones activity

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4
Q

what are the controls of hormones?

A

water balance
blood volume
energy balance
appetite
digestion/circulation
growth/development
reproduction
RBC production
stress management

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5
Q

what are tropic vs. non-tropic hormones?

A

tropic: act on other endocrine glands. they control hormone secretion; ant. pituitary and hypothalamus
non-tropic: acts on effector organs

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6
Q

what are neuro-secretory cells?

A

they secrete neuro-hormones (or neuro-peptides)
-adrenal medulla; catecholamines
-hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

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7
Q

what are the 3 classifications of hormones?

A

-peptide; protein
-steroid; cholesterol
-amine; tryptophan/tyrosine (amino acids)

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8
Q

preprohormone vs. prohormone vs. hormones?

A

-prepro=large and INactive
-pro=post-translational modification
-hormone=final cuts before it exits cell as an active hormone; travel freely in blood but CANNOT pass the cell membrane (needs a receptor) and it has a short half-life (short length of active time)

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9
Q

how do hormones bind?

A

-enzyme activation
-opens channels
-secondary messenger systems

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10
Q

what are the features of peptide hormones?

A

-hydrophilic (water soluble)
-free to travel in blood but CANNOT pass the lipid membrane
-moves via membrane receptor/secondary messenger response
-quick acting and short half-life
-examples are glucagon, calcitonin, insulin

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11
Q

what are the features of steroid hormones?

A

-cholesterol derived
-lipophilic and can enter target cell easily but need to be bound to a protein to travel freely in the blood
-cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
-activate DNA for protein synthesis
-slower acting but have a longer half-life
-examples are cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone

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12
Q

what are the features of amine hormones?

A

-ring structure derived from one of two amino acids
-tryptophan; ie melatonin
-tyrosine; ie thyroid hormones, catecholamines such as norepi/epinephrine and dopamine

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13
Q

what do catecholamines and thyroid hormones behave similarly to?

A

-catecholamines act similarly to peptides
-thyroid hormones act similarly to steroids

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14
Q

what 3 rates do blood hormone levels depend on ?

A

rates of:
-hormone secretion
-hormone degeneration
-hormone excretion (kidneys)

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15
Q

what are 3 possible hormone interactions?

A

-synergism
-permissiveness
-antagonism

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16
Q

what are synergism interactions?

A

-multiple stimuli that is more effective that adding more strength of one
ie: glucagon, epi, and cortisol

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17
Q

what are permissiveness interactions of hormones?

A

-it is when a second hormone is needed to get a full expression
ie TH and epinephrine; TH increases the number of receptor sites for epinephrine to be effective

18
Q

what are antagonism interactions of hormones?

A

-pairs of hormones that have opposing effects
ie insulin is opposed by glucagon

19
Q

what is the hormonal interaction between TH and epinephrine?

A

it has a one-sided effect. Th will help increase the effect of epinephrine but epinephrine will not do the same for TH.

20
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

it is self-regulating hormone levels
-turns off response homeostatically

21
Q

what are the 3 levels of endocrine control?

A

-hypothalamic=from the CNS
-pituitary stimulation=hypothalamic trophic hormones
-endocrine gland stimulation=pituitary trophic hormones

22
Q

what can hormone secretion be affected by?

A

-emotional state
-disease state
-sleep
-diet
-stress
-body cycles (menstrual, circadian rhythms)

23
Q

what is primary HYPOsecretion?

A

too little hormone is secreted due to gland abnormality
-can be genetic, dietary, chemical/toxic, auto-immune, or diseases causing it

24
Q

what is secondary HYPOsecretion?

A

the gland itself is normal but too little normal is secreted due to a lack of a tropic hormone

25
Q

what is primary HYPERsecretion?

A

too much hormone is being secreted due to abnormalities within the gland

26
Q

what is secondary hypersecretion?

A

excessive stimulation from outside of the gland itself is causing oversecretion

27
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

-maintains homeostasis
-controls ANT. pituitary; which then effects other endocrine glands

28
Q

how is the anterior pituitary stimulated?

A

anterior pituitary hormones are stimulated to be secreted by one or more hormones from the hypothalamus

29
Q

what are the hormones stored in the neurohypophysis and how are they released?

A

Oxytocin and ADH are made in the hypothalamus and then STORED in the neurohypophysis aka POST. pituitary
-when a neuron is excited, these hormones are released

30
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

-stimulates uterine contractions in childbirth
-promotes milk ejection during lactation

31
Q

what is ADH and how does it work?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone/vasopressin) is released if blood volume is low or blood osmolarity is high
-ie when dehydrated
it works by increases the water reabsorption in the kidneys a nd decreasing urine output

32
Q

what is diabetes insipidus?

A

it is a decreased amount of ADH/vasopressin
-there is excessive polyuria
-leads to excessive urination and hypotension, dizziness, and constipation
-can be treated by vasopressin replacement

33
Q

what are the 6 hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis?

A

the adenohypophysis aka the ANT. pituitary secretes
-FSH
-LH
-GH
-TSH
-Prolactin
-ACTH

34
Q

FSH vs. LH

A

FSH promotes egg and sperm production
LH secretes estrogen and testosterone from the gonads (ovulation in women)

35
Q

where does TSH and ACTH act on?

A

TSH acts on the thyroid to promote TH secretion
ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to promote cortisol secretion

36
Q

what is the one non-tropic hormone from the ANT. pituitary?

A

prolactin
-acts on the mammary glands to develop breasts and milk production

37
Q

what does GH stimulate?

A

-causes the liver to release IGF; somatomedins
-stimulates protein synthesis and cell division for increased muscle and thickening/lengthening of bones

38
Q

what are the other )metabolic) effects of GH?

A

-increases fatty acids in blood from the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue
-increases blood glucose as glucose uptake by the muscles is decreased

39
Q

what is fetal vs. postnatal growth?

A

-fetal=promoted by hormones from placenta and GH has NO role
-postnatal=first 2 years of life and it is GH controlled (just as in pubertal growth)

40
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland?

A

-secretes melatonin and influences the body clock/antioxidant activity

KNES 260 FINAL (9 decks)

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