renal amk Flashcards
causes of increased serum potassium
MACHINE M- medications such as ACEI and NSAIDS A- acidosis C- cellular destrcution like burns H - haemolysis and hypoaldosteronism I- intake - excessive N - nephrons, renal failure E - excretion - impaired
how do loop diuretics work and some examples
act by inhibiting the NKCC cotransporter in thick ascending limb of henle reducing absorption of NaCl
furosemide and bumetnaide
adverse effects of loop diuretics
hypotension hyponatraemia hypokalaemia hypomagnesamia hypochoraemic alkalosis hypoclacaemia
when do you use a loop diuretic
difference when to use IV or oral
heart failure - if acute IV and if chronic PO
resistant hypertension - particularly in patients with renal impairment
from anterior to posterior, what is the correct order of the structures entering the hilum
vein artery ureter
3 constrictions of ureter
leaving the kidney at the uteropelvic junction L1
bifurcation of the common iliac at L4
entering the bladder at the uterovesical junction
what is urge incontinence
overactivity of detrusor
overreactive bladder
feeling of urge to pass urine with a sudden urge
what is stress incontinence
pelvic floor consists of a sling of muscles that support contents of the pelvic floor - urethral, vaginal and rectal canals
urine leaks as bladd under pressure so leaks when coughing or laughing
overflow incotnience
chronic urinary retention or obstruction - men - unable to fully empty
total icnotnince
unable to store any urine
how to manage urge incontinence
bladder retaining , anticholergenic medication like oxybutynin ( side effect though of memory and dry ) or miabegron ( don't use in hypertension ) as alternative
how to manage stress incontinence
avoid caffeine, pelvic floor exercises , fluoxetine is antidepressant could also have vaginal free tape and coposuspensuoon
what bacteria most commonly causes UTI
Ecoli - gram negative rod
when are UTIs considered recurrent
UTIs are considered recurrent after at least two episodes within 6 months or three or more episodes within 12 months.
what can be caused from a partially treated UTI , chlamydia or appendicitis and renal stones
sterile pyuria
