cardio amk Flashcards
how to assess a patients stroke score risk
CHAD2DS2 - VASc score
what should be offered in first line for reducing stroke risk in AF
DOACs - direct oral anticognualtns - rivaroxaban - patients with AF are at increase risk of stroke due to atrial emboli
anticoagulants slow down clotting reducing fibrin formation and prevent clot formation and growth
anti-platlet drugs like aspirin prevent platelets from clumping together and prevent clot formation and growth
what is atorvastatin
statin
what INR
prothrombin time
The international normalized ratio (INR) is a calculation based on results of a PT and is used to monitor individuals who are being treated with the blood-thinning medication (anticoagulant) warfarin
A 61-year-old woman visits her GP to review her anginal medication. She is concerned about her condition and asks about what has caused the narrowing of her coronary arteries.
Which of the following is a change which occurs in the process of atherosclerosis?
Phagocytosis of HDLs by macrophages, forming foam cells
Infiltration of the tunica externa by LDL particles
Fatty infiltration of the subendothelial space
Hypertrophy of the arterial layers
Increased nitric oxide bioavailability
Fatty infiltration occurs at the subendothelial space
Atherosclerosis is a complex process which develops over a number of years. A number of changes can be seen:
initial endothelial dysfunction is triggered by a number of factors such as smoking, hypertension and hyperglycaemia
this results in a number of changes to the endothelium including pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, proliferative and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability
fatty infiltration of the subendothelial space by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles
monocytes migrate from the blood and differentiate into macrophages. These macrophages then phagocytose oxidized LDL, slowly turning into large ‘foam cells’. As these macrophages die the result can further propagate the inflammatory process.
smooth muscle proliferation and migration from the tunica media into the intima results in formation of a fibrous capsule covering the fatty plaque.
3 arterial blood supplies of the thymus
Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of external carotid) Inferior thyroid artery (from thyrocervical trunk) Thyroidea ima (in 10% of population -from brachiocephalic artery or aorta)
at what level does the right phrenic nerve cross the diaphragm
T8
STEMI in leads II, III, avF
hat infarction and artery
inferior myocardial infarction
right coronary artery
st elevation seen in V1,2
anteroseptal defect
LAD
V3,4
anterior RCA/LAD
I , AVL V5,6
lateral
circumflex artery
bundle branch blocks through what structure
bundle of his
MARROW
WILLIAM - left
if hypertension with typ2 or
under 55 and not black without type 2 what do you prescribe
first line ACEi or ARB
then either or or add thiazide or CCB
if ages 55 or over or black without T2D
CCB first line
then ACEi or ARB or thiazide
enalapril is an ACEi how does it work and side effects
stimulate dilation of BV by inhaibiting production of angiotensin II
dry cough due to increased bradykinin