Endocrine AMK

Question 1

the hypothalamus embryonic development

Answer 1

diencephalon

also optic nerves , thalamus and third ventricle

Question 2

pneumonic for remembering the adrenal gland

Answer 2

GFR - ACA
aldosterone - Na reabsorption and potassium excretion
cortisol
androgens - sex hormones by gonads

Question 3

Addison’s disease causes and symptoms

Answer 3

low cortisol or aldosterone

hyper pigmentation as excess ACTH binging to receptors that create melanin
nausea and thirsty
if crisis goes into hyponatuarumia and hypoglycaemia so needs fluids and cortisol
hyperkalaemia too

Question 4

Cushing syndrome cause and symptoms

Answer 4

hyper section of cortisol or prolonged corticosteroid use

lemon on stick, facial rounding and fat pads, buffalo hump , easy brushing and stile

Question 5

parafolicular cells

Answer 5

calcitonin

PTH release - chief cells

Question 6

primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 6

increase PTH and calcium but low phosphate and ALP

secondary is all up except calcium ]tertiary is all up

Question 7

left ovarian vein drains into

Answer 7

renal vein

right into IVC

Question 8

what does the telencephalon give rise to

Answer 8

cerebral cortex, lateral ventricles and basal ganglia

Question 9

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

Answer 9

cerebral aqueduct , peduncles and tegmentum

Question 10

what does the metencephlon give rise to

Answer 10

pons, cerebellum and fourth ventricle part

Question 11

what does the myencephalon give rise to

Answer 11

medulla of the brain and part of 4th ventricle

Question 12

basal plate gives rise to

Answer 12

motor neurones

Question 13

alar plate gives rise to

Answer 13

sensory neurones

Question 14

what is hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

Answer 14

issue with testes or ovaries so FSH and LH high but testosterone low

hypogonadotrophci hypogonadism - issue with HPT or PG not stimulating gonads enough so low everything

Question 15

what is a cause of hypergonadotrophic hypogonaidsm

Answer 15

Turner syndrome

Question 16

what is misprotol

Answer 16

prostaglandin analog that causes uterine contractions

Question 17

when do intermittent breathing movements start in utero

Answer 17

10 weeks of embryonic development

week 4 - respiratory diverticulum
week 5 - divided to left and right
6 - branching yields secondary to bronchial buds

Question 18

bilaminar disk formation

Answer 18

week 2

Question 19

formation of primitive streak and gastrulation

Answer 19

week3

Question 20

neural tube closes and heart beat

Answer 20

week4

Question 21

intermittent breathing mvoemtns and genitals are differentiated

Answer 21

week 10

Question 22

pancreas develops from where

Answer 22

ventral and dorsal endodermal outgrowth of the duodenum

Question 23

The ‘temperature method’ is a form of behavioural contraception.
what does a temperature rise indicate in the cycle

Answer 23

ovulation

Question 24

hCG secreted from what in preg

Answer 24

In early pregnancy, hCG is secreted by syncytiotrophoblast to stimulate corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

Question 25

REM sleep is the deepest stage of sleep which is associated with dreaming and loss of muscle tone- also get erections

Answer 25

Non-REM stage 1 (N1) sleep is the lightest sleep which is associated with hypnagogic jerks.

Question 26

night terrors associated with what stage of sleep cycle

Answer 26

Non-REM stage 3 (N3)

N1 → N2 → N3 → REM

Theta → Sleep spindles/K-complexes → Delta → Beta

The Sleep Doctor’s Brain

Question 27

urgent prevention of pre-eclmapsia

Answer 27

Urgent control of this woman’s BP is essential to prevent eclampsia and magnesium
sulphate (answer E) is the most effective drug

Question 28

Risk of metastasis to the contralateral breast is a classical feature of

Answer 28

invasive lobular carcinoma.

Question 29

mneumonic for branch of the subclavian artery

Answer 29

VIT C & D

V ertebral artery
I nternal thoracic
T hyrocervical trunk

C ostalcervical trunk
D orsal scapular

Question 30

adrenaline acts on what receptors

Answer 30

g protein

Question 31

ligand gated channels mediate fast responses whereas g protein channels mediate

Answer 31

slow responses

Question 32

Gs stimulates adenyl cyclase and Gi inhibits it what does Gq do

Answer 32

activates phospholipid c

Question 33

what cases foul smelling stool

Answer 33

The patient’s foul-smelling, fatty stools and clubbing are suggestive of malabsorption syndrome. Coeliac disease is one possible cause. Malabsorption syndromes such as coeliac disease impair fat absorption, and as such patients can become deficient in fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin K.