Endocrine AMK Flashcards
the hypothalamus embryonic development
diencephalon
also optic nerves , thalamus and third ventricle
pneumonic for remembering the adrenal gland
GFR - ACA
aldosterone - Na reabsorption and potassium excretion
cortisol
androgens - sex hormones by gonads
Addison’s disease causes and symptoms
low cortisol or aldosterone
hyper pigmentation as excess ACTH binging to receptors that create melanin
nausea and thirsty
if crisis goes into hyponatuarumia and hypoglycaemia so needs fluids and cortisol
hyperkalaemia too
Cushing syndrome cause and symptoms
hyper section of cortisol or prolonged corticosteroid use
lemon on stick, facial rounding and fat pads, buffalo hump , easy brushing and stile
parafolicular cells
calcitonin
PTH release - chief cells
primary hyperparathyroidism
increase PTH and calcium but low phosphate and ALP
secondary is all up except calcium ]tertiary is all up
left ovarian vein drains into
renal vein
right into IVC
what does the telencephalon give rise to
cerebral cortex, lateral ventricles and basal ganglia
what does the mesencephalon give rise to
cerebral aqueduct , peduncles and tegmentum
what does the metencephlon give rise to
pons, cerebellum and fourth ventricle part
what does the myencephalon give rise to
medulla of the brain and part of 4th ventricle
basal plate gives rise to
motor neurones
alar plate gives rise to
sensory neurones
what is hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism
issue with testes or ovaries so FSH and LH high but testosterone low
hypogonadotrophci hypogonadism - issue with HPT or PG not stimulating gonads enough so low everything
what is a cause of hypergonadotrophic hypogonaidsm
Turner syndrome
what is misprotol
prostaglandin analog that causes uterine contractions
when do intermittent breathing movements start in utero
10 weeks of embryonic development
week 4 - respiratory diverticulum
week 5 - divided to left and right
6 - branching yields secondary to bronchial buds
bilaminar disk formation
week 2
formation of primitive streak and gastrulation
week3
neural tube closes and heart beat
week4
intermittent breathing mvoemtns and genitals are differentiated
week 10
pancreas develops from where
ventral and dorsal endodermal outgrowth of the duodenum
The ‘temperature method’ is a form of behavioural contraception.
what does a temperature rise indicate in the cycle
ovulation
hCG secreted from what in preg
In early pregnancy, hCG is secreted by syncytiotrophoblast to stimulate corpus luteum to secrete progesterone
REM sleep is the deepest stage of sleep which is associated with dreaming and loss of muscle tone- also get erections
Non-REM stage 1 (N1) sleep is the lightest sleep which is associated with hypnagogic jerks.
night terrors associated with what stage of sleep cycle
Non-REM stage 3 (N3)
N1 → N2 → N3 → REM
Theta → Sleep spindles/K-complexes → Delta → Beta
The Sleep Doctor’s Brain
urgent prevention of pre-eclmapsia
Urgent control of this woman’s BP is essential to prevent eclampsia and magnesium
sulphate (answer E) is the most effective drug
Risk of metastasis to the contralateral breast is a classical feature of
invasive lobular carcinoma.
mneumonic for branch of the subclavian artery
VIT C & D
V ertebral artery
I nternal thoracic
T hyrocervical trunk
C ostalcervical trunk
D orsal scapular
adrenaline acts on what receptors
g protein
ligand gated channels mediate fast responses whereas g protein channels mediate
slow responses
Gs stimulates adenyl cyclase and Gi inhibits it what does Gq do
activates phospholipid c
what cases foul smelling stool
The patient’s foul-smelling, fatty stools and clubbing are suggestive of malabsorption syndrome. Coeliac disease is one possible cause. Malabsorption syndromes such as coeliac disease impair fat absorption, and as such patients can become deficient in fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin K.
