Renal

Question 1

How does Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor + high-altitude cause orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 1

Hypovolemia

Question 2

Gentamycin + brown granular casts =?

Answer 2

acute tubular necrosis

Question 3

ATN would show necrotic cells in which part of the nephron?

Answer 3

proximal collecting tubule (PCT)

Question 4

What is secreted with occlusion of renal arteries/veins?

Answer 4

Renin

Question 5

With nephrogenic DI, what will be the tubular osmolarity for PCT, JA, MCD?

Answer 5

All hypotonic

Question 6

Whats the MOA for acetazolamide?

Answer 6

inhibiting bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion secretion in the proximal tubule

Question 7

What are the microscopic findings in Goodpasture Syndrome?

Answer 7

• glom crescents
• linear IgG and C3
• no deposits on EM

Question 8

What is the function of ANP/BNP?

Answer 8

released by atria/vents response to  increased volume; may act as a “check” on RAAS = relaxes vascular smooth muscle via cGMP–> Ž  inc GFR,  dec renin.

Question 9

What does the obliteration of the urachus form?

Answer 9

median umbilical ligament

Question 10

Which muscle is in charge of urinary continence and when injured can result in retrograde ejaculation?

Answer 10

Internal urethral sphincter

Question 11

Which category of drugs helps decrease Na and K reabs in the distal nephron?

Answer 11

ACEI by attenuating the increase in aldosterone

Question 12

Whats the eq for clearance of creatinine?

Answer 12

CCr = (Vol x Urine Cr)/ Plasma Cr

Question 13

Which muscarinic antagonist is used to treat urinary incontinence?

Answer 13

Tolterodine

Question 14

Which diuretic enhances Ca reabs?

Answer 14

Thiazides

Question 15

Which drug should be avoided in AKI and crush injuries?

Answer 15

K-sparing diuretics (spironoloactone) bc they promote hyperK

Question 16

What acid-base abnormality is commonly seen in cardiac arrest?

Answer 16

Mixed acidosis (hallmark = lactic acid)

Question 17

What metabolic condition can cause resistance to ADH?

Answer 17

Hyperglycemia (prevents reabs of glucose –> changes medullar osmotic gradient –> ADH doesnt work)

Question 18

What mechanism is responsible for the reabs of phosphate in the proximal tubule?

Answer 18

Na-PO cotransporter

Question 19

Why does Cr clearance overestimate GFR?

Answer 19

Part of unfiltered Cr is secreted into the PCT which increases fractional delivery

Question 20

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer 20

Fail of kidney to produce concentrated urine when there is enough ADH (receptor fail)

Question 21

What is neurogenic diabetes inspidus(central)?

Answer 21

in adequate secretion of ADH

Question 22

Which drug is contraindicated in nephrotic syndrome bc it can cause acute kidney fail?

Answer 22

NSAIDs

Question 23

Ureteral obstruction leads to what change at the level of glomerular filtration?

Answer 23

increased hydrostatic pressure of Bowman space