renal 3

Question 1

nephrotic syndrome key features-4

Answer 1

-massive proteinuria (greater than 3.5 in 24 hr), HTN, hypoalbuminemia, edema

Question 2

nephrotic syndrome interventions

Answer 2

-immunosuppressant agents, ACE inhibitors, heparin, diet changes, mild diuretics

Question 3

nephrosclerosis

Answer 3

thickening in nephron blood vessel resulting in narrowing of vessel lumen
-HTN, DM, atherosclerosis

Question 4

diabetic nephropathy-4

Answer 4

• leading cause of ESKD
• related to degree of hyperglycemia
• increase GFR
• first manifestation-persistent albuminuria

Question 5

renal cell carcinoma-3

Answer 5

• painless hematuria
• most common
• paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 6

paraneoplastic syndromes-7

Answer 6

anemia, erythrocytosis, hypercalcemia, liver dysfunction, hormaonal effects, increase sed rate, HTN

Question 7

acute kid injury

Answer 7

• 50% or greater increase in Cr.

- GFR not measured

Question 8

prerenal failure-3

Answer 8

AKI caused by decrease perfusion, most common

-kid compensates by constricting kid blood vessels, activating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone path, releasing ADH

Question 9

intrarenal failure

Answer 9

damage to kid tissues

Question 10

postrenal failure

Answer 10

obstruction of urine flow

Question 11

azotemia

Answer 11

retention and build up of nitrogenous wastes in blood

Question 12

conditions that contribute to AKI-7

Answer 12

1. decrease perfusion
2. blood/fluid loss
3. hypotension
4. heart failure (decrease EF and output)
5. liver failure
6. NSAIDS
7. anaphalaxis/burns

Question 13

phases of AKI-4

Answer 13

onset, oligurgic, diuretic, recovery(onset of polyuria)

Question 14

stages of CKD-3

Answer 14

reduced renal reserve, reduced GFR, ESKD

Question 15

chronic kid disease

Answer 15

greater than 3 months

Question 16

uremia key features-6

Answer 16

metallic taste, anorexia, N V, skin “frost”, fatigue, hiccups, edema

Question 17

stages of CKD- GFR

Answer 17

1. greater than 90
2. 60-89
3. 30-59
4. 15-29
5. less than 15

Question 18

isosthenuria

Answer 18

fixed osmolarity

Question 19

CKD metabolic changes-7

Answer 19

buildup of Cr, hyponatremia then hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, kussmal respirations, hyperphosphatemia, metastatic calcifications

Question 20

CKD cardiac changes-4

Answer 20

HTN, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, pericarditis

Question 21

CKD GI changes

Answer 21

foul breath/mouth ulcers, abdo pain, N V, test for occult blood