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Phys exam 5 > Renal 2 > Flashcards

Renal 2 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Kidney will increase or decrease excretion rate of a substance to match input

A

True

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2
Q

The following are functions of ____:
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
-Output = Input
Regulation of arterial pressure
-Vascular resistance, Circulating volume
-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, AVP/ADH
Regulation of solute concentrations(osmolarity).
Excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals.
-Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin…
-Drugs, pesticides, food additives…
Erythropoiesis via Erythropoietin
Regulation of acid-base balance.
Regulation of active vitamin D (calcitriol) production:
-Calcium homeostasis
-Dynamic bone structure
Gluconeogenesis.

A

renal function/function of kidneys

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3
Q

Which portion of the kidney is composed of renal pyramids and columns?

A

Renal medulla

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4
Q

Contain Nephrons (Functional Unit) –produce urine

  • Border of Cortex/Medulla
  • Papilla
A

Renal Pyramid

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5
Q

What is the pathway of urine beginning at the minor calyx and ending with the micturition reflex?

A

Minor Calyx  Major CalyxRenal Pelvis  Ureter  Urinary BladderMicturition Reflex

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6
Q

Walls contain smooth muscle
Exhibit peristalsis
-Calyces stretched by urine
-Initiates peristaltic wave that flows through pelvis, along ureter to bladder

A

Ureters

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7
Q

_____ Nerves can alter peristalsis

A

Autonomic

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8
Q

Parasympathetic innervation ______ peristalsis

A

enhances

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation ______ peristalsis.

A

decreases

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10
Q

Enter Bladder through _____ Muscle (smooth muscle)

  • Muscle tone compresses ureter and prevents back flow of urine during micturition
  • Peristaltic wave increase pressure within ureter, opening ureter lumen, allowing urine to flow into bladder.
A

Detruser muscle

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11
Q

-Backflow of urine into ureter
-Enlargement of ureters
-Increase pressure and damage to renal pelvis
Rich pain innervation

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux

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12
Q
  • Ureters blocked (ex. Ureteral stone)
  • Reflex to reduce RBF and urine formation
  • Protective
A

Ureterorenal reflex

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13
Q

Does the detrusor muscle have gap junctions to conducts APs?

A

yes

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14
Q

Smooth Muscle and Elastic Tissue
Intrinsic tone
Prevents bladder emptying until P increases to threshold

A

Internal urethral sphincter

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15
Q

Do the internal or external sphincters have voluntary control?

A

External sphincters

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16
Q

______ neurons detect degree of bladder stretch

A

Visceral sensory

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17
Q

_____ neurons stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of Internal Sphincter

A

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

_____ nerve = somatic motor neurons controlling External Sphincter

A

Pudendal

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19
Q

_____ neurons control bladder blood vessels

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

What is the stretch reflex of the bladder called?

A

micturition reflex

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21
Q

What is the stimulus of the micturition reflex?

A

bladder stretch

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22
Q

What is the reflex receptor of the micturition reflex?

A

Stretch receptors in bladder wall

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23
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the micturition reflex?

A

Visceral sensory

24
Q

What is the integrating center of the micturition reflex?

A

Spinal cord

25
Q

What is the efferent pathway of the micturition reflex?

A

Parasympathetic

26
Q

What is the effector of the micturition reflex?

A

Detrusor smooth muscle

27
Q

What is the effector response both systemically and locally of the micturition reflex?

A

Local: Contraction
Systemic: Stretch

28
Q

What is the feedback of the micturition reflex?

A

Positive

29
Q

Micturition reflex: After time (sec. to min.) reflex fatigues and ceases, and bladder _____

A

relaxes

30
Q

Micturition reflex: If bladder not emptied, reflex remains inhibited (min to hours) and then ______

A

occurs again

31
Q

Micturition reflex: Frequency and power of contractions ____ as bladder fills

A

increases

32
Q

Micturition reflex: Once powerful enough, _____ Pudenden nerve to override voluntary control; allows urine to flow

A

inhibits

33
Q

______ urination – contract abdominal muscles, increases bladder pressure, activates micturition reflex with voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter.

A

Voluntary

34
Q

How much of CO goes to kidney?

A

20%

35
Q

Renal artery branches off of _____

A

aorta

36
Q

The renal artery enters the kidney at the _____

A

hilum

37
Q

Where does the microcirculation begins?

A

Arcuate arteries

38
Q

What is the sequence of venous drainage of the kidney beginning at the venule?

A

Venule to renal vein to vena cava

39
Q

_____ capillaries:
High pressure for Filtration
Afferent and Efferent arteriolar resistance can be altered to alter PC in these Capillaries

A

Glomerular capillaries

40
Q

_____ and _____ resistance can be altered to alter PC in Glomerular Capillaries

A

Afferent and Efferent arteriolar

41
Q

Which capillaries have low pressure and participate in secretion and reabsorption in the kidneys?

A

Peritubular capillaries

42
Q

What is the sequence of renal microcirculation beginning with afferent arteriole and ending with venules?

A

Afferent Arteriole Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteriole Peritubular Capillaries Venules

43
Q

What is the sequence of the segments of the nephron starting with the glomerulus?

A 
Glomerulus
Bowman's space in Bowman's capsule
PCT
Proximal Straight Tubule
Thin descending limb of loop of Henle
Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
DCT
CCD
MCD
44
Q

Each Collecting duct Collects fluid from about ____nephrons

A

4000

45
Q

_____ Collecting Ducts/Kidney

A

250

46
Q

≈ ______ Nephrons/Kidney

A

1,000,000

47
Q

70-80% of nephrons
Glomerulus in outer cortex
Short loops of Henle
Peritubular Capillaries

A

Cortical nephrons

48
Q 
20-30% of nephrons
Glomerulus near cortex/medulla border
Long Loop of Henle (extends deep into medulla)
Vasa Recta
Play role in concentrating urine
A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

49
Q

Which nephrons play a role in concentrating urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

50
Q

Function of Glomerular Capillaries
Occurs via bulk flow
 identical to plasma except protein free

A

Filtration

51
Q

_____ =Rate of filtrate production (vol./time)

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

52
Q

Removes wanted substances from glomerular filtrate and puts it back into blood in peritubular capillaries
Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium

A

Reabsorption

53
Q

Removal of unwanted substances still in plasma and secrete it into glomerular filtrate in nephron
Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium

A

Secretion

54
Q

Removal of metabolic waste

Urine exits collecting duct into minor calyx

A

Excretion

55
Q

What is the formula relating all the renal processes of urine formation?

A

Ex = Fx – Rx + S

56
Q

Why do we filter so much and then expend so much energy to return greater than 99% back into the ECF?

A

Filtration is the only way to get rid of some substances so we filter everything

Phys exam 5 (9 decks)

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