Renal 1

Question 1

Constant _____ and stable _____ of body fluid compartments are essential for homeostasis

Answer 1

volume; composition

Question 2

Fluid distribution in the body influences ______ concentrations

Answer 2

electrolyte

Question 3

Electrolyte concentrations influence _________ in the body.

Answer 3

fluid distribution

Question 4

______ Imbalance changes vascular and total body volumes

Answer 4

Na+

Question 5

Imbalance alters cardiac and neural functions

Answer 5

K+

Question 6

Imbalance alters skeletal muscle, cardiac, neural function and bone structure

Answer 6

Ca++

Question 7

Which 4 electrolytes are high in ICF?

Answer 7

K, Mg, H, and AA

Question 8

Which 5 electrolytes are high in ECF?

Answer 8

Na, Glucose, Ca, Cl, and HCO3

Question 9

____ suffix refers to blood volume

Answer 9

volemia

Question 10

____ suffix refers to blood sodium levels

Answer 10

natremia

Question 11

____ suffix refers to blood potassium levels

Answer 11

kalemia

Question 12

_____ suffix refers to blood calcium levels

Answer 12

calcemia

Question 13

_____ and _____ pressure via capillary pores is main force of H2O distribution

Answer 13

Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic

Question 14

Fluid distribution between ICF & ECF determined by _____ of small solutes acting across cell membrane

Answer 14

osmotic effect

Question 15

____ and _____ ≈ 90% of total ECF osmolarity

Answer 15

Na+ and Cl- (other anions)

Question 16

___ and other ions ≈ 90% of total ICF osmolarity.

Answer 16

K+ and other ions

Question 17

Cell membrane:-____ permeability to H2O; - relative ______ to small solutes (Na+, Cl-& other electrolytes).

Answer 17

high; impermeability

Question 18

Composition and volume of ____ change determines composition and volume of fluid replacement

Answer 18

ECF

Question 19

Cell volume is at the mercy of ECF ____

Answer 19

tonicity

Question 20

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in an isotonic bathing solution?

Answer 20

Increase in ECF volume only

Question 21

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in a hypotonic bathing solution?

Answer 21

V: Both Increase
Osm: Both decrease

Question 22

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in a hypertonic bathing solution?

Answer 22

V: ICF decreases and ECF increases
Osm: both increase

Question 23

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change if a hypotonic bathing solution was removed from a cell?

Answer 23

V: Both decrease
Osm: Both increase

Question 24

The _____ regulate body fluid volume and composition by controlling ECF volume and composition.

Answer 24

kidneys

Question 25

The kidneys regulate body fluid volume and composition by controlling ____ volume and composition.

Answer 25

ECF

Question 26

____ is too much water in the tissues

Answer 26

Edema

Question 27

Which edema is more common: intracellular or extracellular?

Answer 27

Extracellular

Question 28

____ is caused by: 1. Hyponatremia. 2. Decreased metabolism (blood flow): Na+/K+ pump failure. 3. Inflammation (infection, burns) – increased membrane permeability and leakage.

Answer 28

Intracellular edema

Question 29

___ is the most important cation in the body

Answer 29

Na

Question 30

_____ salts make up >90% of osmotically active solute in the ECF

Answer 30

Na salts

Question 31

Too _____ ECF leads to volume contraction, hypotension, and organ hypoperfusion

Answer 31

Too little ECF

Question 32

Too _____ ECF leads to edema, ascites, pleural effusions, and hypertension

Answer 32

Too much ECF

Question 33

_______ occurs when: [Na+]ECF is below normal (<142 mOsm/L) Na+ input < Na+ output H2O input > H2O output

Answer 33

Hyponatremia

Question 34

______ is the most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice; may account for 20-25% of hospitalized patients

Answer 34

Hyponatremia

Question 35

Hyponatremia due to ______: - Increased NaCl loss - Vomiting, diarrhea; renal disease, diuretics; Addison’s disease (aldosterone deficiency).

Answer 35

-dehydration

Question 36

Hyponatremia due to ______: - Excess H2O retention - Inappropriate ADH secretion, H2O Toxicity

Answer 36

-overhydration

Question 37

Hyponatremia due to ______: - Decreased NaCl intake - Extreme diets

Answer 37

–low solute intake

Question 38

_____ hyponatremia: Gradual decrease in [Na+]ECF This stimulates transport of Na+, K+, and organic solutes out of the cells This causes water diffusion out of the cells With chronic hyponatremia, the brain swelling is attenuated by the transport of solutes from the cells. Must correct [Na+]ECF slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination

Answer 38

Chronic Hyponatremia

Question 39

``` _____ hyponatremia: Rapid decrease in [Na+]ECF Caused by loss of Na+ or excess H2O H2O into the cells Swelling of the brain tissue. ```

Answer 39

Acute hyponatremia

Question 40

Increased interstitial fluid volume (swelling) caused by: Increased capillary filtration (most common; congestive heart failure) Failure of lymphatics to return interstitial fluid to circulation (lymphedema)

Answer 40

Extracellular edema

Question 41

Which Starling's force is the most regulated of the forces determining capillary filtration?

Answer 41

Hydrostatic Capillary pressure (Pc)

Question 42

Which Starling's force is the most regulated of the forces determining capillary absorption?

Answer 42

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Question 43

The following conditions affect ______: - Inflammation (infection, immune reactions): increase - Burns: increase - Ischemia: increase

Answer 43

Capillary permeability

Question 44

The following conditions affect ______: - Heart failure (generalized vs left heart failure) - Renal

Answer 44

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 45

The following conditions affect ______: - Renal loss (nephrotic syndrome): loss of proteins - Liver disease: decrease of plasma proteins

Answer 45

Decreased capillary colloid osmotic

Question 46

____: Edema by Another Name “Potential spaces” – pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, synovial cavities. Lining membranes are highly permeable.

Answer 46

Effusions:

Question 47

_____ is important for clearing fluid and proteins.

Answer 47

Lymphatic drainage

Question 48

What are the changes in the following variables after giving 2.0 liters of water i.v. (hypotonic)? Extracellular Fluid Volume, Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity, Intracellular Fluid Volume, and Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity?

Answer 48

V:ECF Increased; ICF: Increased Osm: ECF decreased; ICF: decreased