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Phys exam 5 > Renal 1 > Flashcards

Renal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Constant _____ and stable _____ of body fluid compartments are essential for homeostasis

A

volume; composition

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2
Q

Fluid distribution in the body influences ______ concentrations

A

electrolyte

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3
Q

Electrolyte concentrations influence _________ in the body.

A

fluid distribution

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4
Q

______ Imbalance changes vascular and total body volumes

A

Na+

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5
Q

Imbalance alters cardiac and neural functions

A

K+

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6
Q

Imbalance alters skeletal muscle, cardiac, neural function and bone structure

A

Ca++

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7
Q

Which 4 electrolytes are high in ICF?

A

K, Mg, H, and AA

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8
Q

Which 5 electrolytes are high in ECF?

A

Na, Glucose, Ca, Cl, and HCO3

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9
Q

____ suffix refers to blood volume

A

volemia

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10
Q

____ suffix refers to blood sodium levels

A

natremia

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11
Q

____ suffix refers to blood potassium levels

A

kalemia

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12
Q

_____ suffix refers to blood calcium levels

A

calcemia

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13
Q

_____ and _____ pressure via capillary pores is main force of H2O distribution

A

Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic

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14
Q

Fluid distribution between ICF & ECF determined by _____ of small solutes acting across cell membrane

A

osmotic effect

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15
Q

____ and _____ ≈ 90% of total ECF osmolarity

A

Na+ and Cl- (other anions)

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16
Q

___ and other ions ≈ 90% of total ICF osmolarity.

A

K+ and other ions

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17
Q

Cell membrane:-____ permeability to H2O; - relative ______ to small solutes (Na+, Cl-& other electrolytes).

A

high; impermeability

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18
Q

Composition and volume of ____ change determines composition and volume of fluid replacement

A

ECF

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19
Q

Cell volume is at the mercy of ECF ____

A

tonicity

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20
Q

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in an isotonic bathing solution?

A

Increase in ECF volume only

21
Q

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in a hypotonic bathing solution?

A

V: Both Increase
Osm: Both decrease

22
Q

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change in a hypertonic bathing solution?

A

V: ICF decreases and ECF increases
Osm: both increase

23
Q

How would volume and osm or ECF and ICF change if a hypotonic bathing solution was removed from a cell?

A

V: Both decrease
Osm: Both increase

24
Q

The _____ regulate body fluid volume and composition by controlling ECF volume and composition.

A

kidneys

25
Q

The kidneys regulate body fluid volume and composition by controlling ____ volume and composition.

A

ECF

26
Q

____ is too much water in the tissues

A

Edema

27
Q

Which edema is more common: intracellular or extracellular?

A

Extracellular

28
Q

____ is caused by:

  1. Hyponatremia.
  2. Decreased metabolism (blood flow): Na+/K+ pump failure.
  3. Inflammation (infection, burns) – increased membrane permeability and leakage.
A

Intracellular edema

29
Q

___ is the most important cation in the body

A

Na

30
Q

_____ salts make up >90% of osmotically active solute in the ECF

A

Na salts

31
Q

Too _____ ECF leads to volume contraction, hypotension, and organ hypoperfusion

A

Too little ECF

32
Q

Too _____ ECF leads to edema, ascites, pleural effusions, and hypertension

A

Too much ECF

33
Q

_______ occurs when:
[Na+]ECF is below normal (<142 mOsm/L)
Na+ input < Na+ output
H2O input > H2O output

A

Hyponatremia

34
Q

______ is the most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice; may account for 20-25% of hospitalized patients

A

Hyponatremia

35
Q

Hyponatremia due to ______:

  • Increased NaCl loss
  • Vomiting, diarrhea; renal disease, diuretics; Addison’s disease (aldosterone deficiency).
A

-dehydration

36
Q

Hyponatremia due to ______:

  • Excess H2O retention
  • Inappropriate ADH secretion, H2O Toxicity
A

-overhydration

37
Q

Hyponatremia due to ______:

  • Decreased NaCl intake
  • Extreme diets
A

–low solute intake

38
Q

_____ hyponatremia:
Gradual decrease in [Na+]ECF
This stimulates transport of Na+, K+, and organic solutes out of the cells
This causes water diffusion out of the cells
With chronic hyponatremia, the brain swelling is attenuated by the transport of solutes from the cells.
Must correct [Na+]ECF slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination

A

Chronic Hyponatremia

39
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ hyponatremia:
Rapid decrease in [Na+]ECF
Caused by loss of Na+ or excess H2O
H2O into the cells
Swelling of the brain tissue.
A

Acute hyponatremia

40
Q

Increased interstitial fluid volume (swelling) caused by:
Increased capillary filtration (most common; congestive heart failure)
Failure of lymphatics to return interstitial fluid to circulation (lymphedema)

A

Extracellular edema

41
Q

Which Starling’s force is the most regulated of the forces determining capillary filtration?

A

Hydrostatic Capillary pressure (Pc)

42
Q

Which Starling’s force is the most regulated of the forces determining capillary absorption?

A

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure

43
Q

The following conditions affect ______:

  • Inflammation (infection, immune reactions): increase
  • Burns: increase
  • Ischemia: increase
A

Capillary permeability

44
Q

The following conditions affect ______:

  • Heart failure (generalized vs left heart failure)
  • Renal
A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

The following conditions affect ______:

  • Renal loss (nephrotic syndrome): loss of proteins
  • Liver disease: decrease of plasma proteins
A

Decreased capillary colloid osmotic

46
Q

____: Edema by Another Name
“Potential spaces” – pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, synovial cavities.
Lining membranes are highly permeable.

A

Effusions:

47
Q

_____ is important for clearing fluid and proteins.

A

Lymphatic drainage

48
Q

What are the changes in the following variables after giving 2.0 liters of water i.v. (hypotonic)? Extracellular Fluid Volume, Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity, Intracellular Fluid Volume, and Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity?

A

V:ECF Increased; ICF: Increased
Osm: ECF decreased; ICF: decreased

Phys exam 5 (9 decks)

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