Renal

Question 1

Hydroureter

Answer 1

dilation of the ureter due to an accumulation of urine behind the obstruction.

Question 2

Hydronephrosis

Answer 2

enlargement of the renal pelvis (where urine collects to move out of the kidney) due to an obstruction

Question 3

hypertrophy

Answer 3

get bigger

Question 4

Postobstructive diuresis

Answer 4

large amounts of fluids (water), sodium, and other electrolytes. This can cause the patient to become dehydrated and have fluid/electrolyte imbalances. The fluid/electrolyte imbalances must be quickly treated.

Question 5

Other names for kidney stones

Answer 5

renal calculi or urolithiasis.

Question 6

Kidney stones are masses that consist of :

Answer 6

-crystals, -proteins, and/or -other substances (most contain calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate).

Question 7

Where are kidney stones found?

Answer 7

kidneys, ureters, or bladder

Question 8

Alkaline urine increases the risk of

Answer 8

calcium phosphate stones

Question 9

acidic urine increases the risk of

Answer 9

uric acid stones

Question 10

Why does the most common, Calcium, kidney stones form?

Answer 10

Calcium (about 70-80% of stones are these)-too much parathyroid hormone causes too much calcium to be absorbed in the small intestine and causes bone demineralization.

Question 11

Treatments for kidney stones…

Answer 11

increase fluid intake, alter the urinary pH, decrease dietary intake of stone-forming substances, or stone removal (lithotripsy or surgery)

Question 12

Neurogenic (overactive/underactive) bladder

Answer 12

(ex. overactive bladder) dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a problem of the nervous system (damage to the nerves that are responsible for sensory and motor control ; or due to lesions on upper motor neurons).

Question 13

Renal adenoma

Answer 13

Rare and uncommon renal tumor

Question 14

UTI (cystis)

Answer 14

(acute cystitis-most common) inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake, urinary analgesics.

Question 15

interstitial cystitis

Answer 15

non-bacterial, non-infectious inflammation of the bladder.

Question 16

Pyelonephritis

Answer 16

an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (including the ureter, renal pelvis, kidney tissue) from an ascending infection or an infection from the blood stream. (E coli is the most common infectious agent)

Question 17

Acute glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

an inflammation of the glomerulus (glomeruli).

symptoms

• Hematuria
• proteinuria

*important to note that bleeding from the glomerulus will appear brownish in the urine as opposed to an ailment found closer to the end of the urinary track that might be red/pinkish in color

Question 18

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 18

occurs when protein (albumin) leaks out of the glomerulus into the urine=proteinuria

Question 19

Nephritic syndrome

Answer 19

occurs with there is blood in the urine (hematuria)

Question 20

Acute Renal Failure

Answer 20

(tubular necrosis-IR)-most common cause) sudden loss of renal function 3 Causes: Prerenal conditions Intrarenal conditions Postrenal conditions

Question 21

Prerenal conditions

Answer 21

disrupt blood flow on its way to the kidneys

Question 22

Intrarenal conditions

Answer 22

directly damage the structures of the kidneys

Question 23

Postrenal conditions

Answer 23

which interfere with the urine excretion

Question 24

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Answer 24

abrupt decline in renal function, causing an acute elevation in plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine Phase 1: asymptomatic w/ tubule damage occurring Phase 2: patient becomes oliguric (hypouresis) Phase 3: diuretic phase, renal function gradually returns as healing and cellular regeneration occur. (up to 5L/day !!!!) Phase 4: the recovery phase, glomerular function has gradually returned to normal.

Question 25

What are two serum proteins that would indicate kidney functioning?

Answer 25

Creatinine and nitrogen wastes are two of these substances that we can measure to give us a good idea of kidney functioning.

Question 26

Chronic renal failure (CRF)

Answer 26

tends to be a gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible. Nonoperational scar tissue replaces injured nephrons.

Question 27

Kidney Failure

Answer 27

The kidneys lose their ability to maintain any sense of homeostasis. Waste products, fluid, and electrolytes accumulate significantly. (Kidney functions activate Vitamin D) Without vitamin D, calcium cannot be absorbed… not enough activation of vitamin D to keep bones healthy.

Question 28

What determines Glomerular Flow Rate (GFR)? What is the average rate?

Answer 28

Renal blood flow: adequate circulating volume,

cardiac output

Resistance to flow: vascular tone of afferent and efferent arterioles

Permeability of glomerular basement membrane: if it is damaged=very leaky, more urine

Averate rate = filters blood @ 85-105 ml/min

Question 29

Briefly describe what happens to electrolytes in GFR damage & kidney failure.

Answer 29

Electrolyte imbalances:
Low GFR=low potassium excretion (hyperkalemia).

Low GFR=phosphate excretion is slowed so calcium excretion increases; no active vitamin D = no calcium due to non-absorption in the gut

Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia (remember calcium and phosphorus have an inverse relationship…when one goes up, the other goes down)

Question 30

Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

What are the three steps?

Answer 30

1. Oliguiric
2. Diuretic Phase
3. Recovery Phase

Question 31

Hypoperfussion

Answer 31

Lack of O2