Renal Flashcards
Hydroureter
dilation of the ureter due to an accumulation of urine behind the obstruction.
Hydronephrosis
enlargement of the renal pelvis (where urine collects to move out of the kidney) due to an obstruction
hypertrophy
get bigger
Postobstructive diuresis
large amounts of fluids (water), sodium, and other electrolytes. This can cause the patient to become dehydrated and have fluid/electrolyte imbalances. The fluid/electrolyte imbalances must be quickly treated.
Other names for kidney stones
renal calculi or urolithiasis.
Kidney stones are masses that consist of :
-crystals, -proteins, and/or -other substances (most contain calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate).
Where are kidney stones found?
kidneys, ureters, or bladder
Alkaline urine increases the risk of
calcium phosphate stones
acidic urine increases the risk of
uric acid stones
Why does the most common, Calcium, kidney stones form?
Calcium (about 70-80% of stones are these)-too much parathyroid hormone causes too much calcium to be absorbed in the small intestine and causes bone demineralization.
Treatments for kidney stones…
increase fluid intake, alter the urinary pH, decrease dietary intake of stone-forming substances, or stone removal (lithotripsy or surgery)
Neurogenic (overactive/underactive) bladder
(ex. overactive bladder) dysfunction of the urinary bladder caused by a problem of the nervous system (damage to the nerves that are responsible for sensory and motor control ; or due to lesions on upper motor neurons).
Renal adenoma
Rare and uncommon renal tumor
UTI (cystis)
(acute cystitis-most common) inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake, urinary analgesics.
interstitial cystitis
non-bacterial, non-infectious inflammation of the bladder.
Pyelonephritis
an infection of one or both upper urinary tracts (including the ureter, renal pelvis, kidney tissue) from an ascending infection or an infection from the blood stream. (E coli is the most common infectious agent)
Acute glomerulonephritis
an inflammation of the glomerulus (glomeruli).
symptoms
- Hematuria
- proteinuria
*important to note that bleeding from the glomerulus will appear brownish in the urine as opposed to an ailment found closer to the end of the urinary track that might be red/pinkish in color
Nephrotic syndrome
occurs when protein (albumin) leaks out of the glomerulus into the urine=proteinuria
Nephritic syndrome
occurs with there is blood in the urine (hematuria)
Acute Renal Failure
(tubular necrosis-IR)-most common cause) sudden loss of renal function 3 Causes: Prerenal conditions Intrarenal conditions Postrenal conditions
Prerenal conditions
disrupt blood flow on its way to the kidneys
Intrarenal conditions
directly damage the structures of the kidneys
Postrenal conditions
which interfere with the urine excretion
Acute Tubular Necrosis
abrupt decline in renal function, causing an acute elevation in plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine Phase 1: asymptomatic w/ tubule damage occurring Phase 2: patient becomes oliguric (hypouresis) Phase 3: diuretic phase, renal function gradually returns as healing and cellular regeneration occur. (up to 5L/day !!!!) Phase 4: the recovery phase, glomerular function has gradually returned to normal.
