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Patho Test #1 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are Hormones?

A

chemical messengers.

They help to integrate the nervous system and body tissues.

Hormones are secreted by glands (and some are secreted by other tissue cells) to bind with cells that have the appropriate receptors (target cells).

They are deactivated by the liver and/or secreted by the kidneys.

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2
Q

Hormone solubility

A

Some are water-soluble and some are lipid-soluble.

Water-soluble have a short half-life;
bind to cell surface receptors (they cannot get through cell membranes) and
depend on a second messenger to relay the intended message to the appropriate cell organelle.

Lipid-soluble remain in the blood longer;
bind to cell surface receptors or can
move into the cell to bind to receptors within the cell.

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3
Q

Hormonal Abnormalities

A

primary-abnormality in the gland itself

secondary-abnormality in stimulation from the pituitary

tertiary-abnormality in stimulation from the hypothalamus

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4
Q

Up-regulation

A

when target cells develop more receptors on the cell’s surface.

This happens when serum levels of the specific hormone they need are low = more sensitive.

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5
Q

Down-regulation

A

when target cells decrease the number of receptors on the cell’s surface.

This happens when serum levels of the specific hormone they need is high = less sensitive.

Receptor sites are continuously made and degraded.

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

responds by simply supplying hormones involved typically in special tasks (oxytocin for the initiation of labor).

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7
Q

Negative Feedback

A

tends to make a system self-regulating; it can produce stability and reduce the effect of fluctuations

(ex. car speeding up/slowing down to regulate speed)

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8
Q

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA)

A

is the structures that coordinate endocrine and some neuronal functions in the body.

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

is the monitoring center for the body. The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk.

Blood vessels connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary and nerve axons connect it with the posterior pituitary

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10
Q

purpose of the pituitary gland

A

receives “signals” in the form of stimulating or inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus.

This causes the pituitary to secrete trophic hormones to the specific glands.

The trophic hormones “message” the gland what to do.

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11
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Regulates hunger, thirst, sleep and wakefulness

Involuntary mechanism (ex. body temp)

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12
Q

Thyroid Glands

A

Regulates your nrg and matabolism

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13
Q

pancreas

A

aids in digestion of protein, fat, carbs

produces insulin

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14
Q

Ovaries

A

Influences how blood circulates

determines mental vigor

determines sex drive

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15
Q

What does the Pituitary gland control?

A

controls all endocrine glands

influences growth, met. & regeneration

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16
Q

Parathyroid

A

secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorp.

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

secretes cortisone & adrenaline

regulates metabolic processes in cells, water balance, blood pressure, etc.

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18
Q

Name two major hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH & Oxytocin

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19
Q

Name 5 major hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Thyroid: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenal Cortex: adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Mammary Glands: prolactin (PL)

Bones/Tissues: growth hormone (GH)

Ovaries/Testies: gonadotrophic hormones (FSH, LH)

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20
Q

Where does the nervous system and endocrine system interface?

A

In the hypothalmus/pituitary complex

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21
Q

Hyperpituitaryism

A

gigantism—tall stature caused by excessive growth hormone (GH) prior to puberty

acromegaly— (too much GH present) increased bone size caused by excessive growth hormone levels in adulthood
(If the epiphyseal plates have not closed=gigantism for the child, increased skeletal growth-linear growth;
if epiphyseal plates have closed, bone gets thicker)

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)—increased renal water retention caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone levels

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22
Q

Diabetes insipidis

A

caused by inadequate or ineffective antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Neurogenic = insufficient amounts of ADH; the problem is with a lesion on the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary that interferes with ADH synthesis

Nephrogenic = inadequate response of the kidneys to ADH (could be caused by drugs or damage to the kidneys, or could be a genetic problem)

Psychogenic=psychological problem that causes a person to drink too much water -> partial resistance to ADH

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23
Q

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

too much ADH (increased levels of ADH without the normal stimulus for it to be secreted)

Most common cause is tumor.

Sometimes surgery will trigger the condition for 5-7 days after the procedure…this may be due to volume changes after surgery.

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24
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

inadequate levels of thyroid hormone

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25
Q

Goiter

A

a visible enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is usually painless but may affect the respiratory and GI systems. The enlargement is not necessarily malignant.
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter.

26
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies attack the thyroid gland.

27
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

When blood levels of calcium fall, parathyroids secrete PTH

28
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

not enough PTH (hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia)

29
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

excess PTH (hypercalcemia and hypophosphoremia)

30
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

excessive glucocorticoids (can happen when a tumor on the adrenals secrete too much glucocorticoids or when the pituitary has a tumor that secretes too much ACTH)

-ADRENAL GLAND DISORDER

31
Q

Addison’s disease

A

deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones

32
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Beta cells don’t make enough insulin

complications:
hyperglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
hypoglycemia

33
Q

Somogyi effect or the Dawn phenomenon

A

rebounding high blood sugar after a low during the night

34
Q

Exercise for diabetics

A

F.I.T.

Frequency
(3-4x per week)

Intensity
(60-80% of max heart rate)

Time
(20-30 min + warm up)

35
Q

Where are glucagon and insulin produced

A

Pancreatic cells (islets of langherhan)

36
Q

What stimulates insulin production?

What stimulates insulin reduction?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation of pancreatic B-cells

Sympathetic stimulation of pancreatic A-cells

37
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

a cluster of risk factors that occur together-

hyperglycemia
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
increased waist circumference.

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, DM, and stroke.

Treatment strategies focus on lifestyle changes (weight loss, dietary changes, and physical activity) to prevent complications from developing.

38
Q

Amenorrhea

A

the absence of menstruation

“amen! no more periods”

39
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation.

mostly due to excessive prostaglandin secretion causing
strong uterine contractions and compression of uterine blood vessels

40
Q

Menorrhagia

A

an increased menstrual blood flow amount

(~ 80 mL per menstruation) and duration (~ 8-10 days)

41
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

vaginal bleeding between menstrual periods in prememopausal women

42
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

frequent menstruation, short cycles (less than 21 days)

43
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

infrequent menstruation, long cycles (more than 42 days)

44
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome

A

condition in which the ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts.

45
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

general term that refers to an infection of the female reproductive tract.

Bacteria ascend from the vagina.

Can be acute or chronic…usually results from a sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhea and/or chlamydia)

46
Q

Cystocele

A

when the bladder protrudes into the anterior wall of the vagina (prolapsed bladder).

This happens due to weakened pelvic support.

When excessive straining (during childbirth, chronic constipation, or heavy lifting), the bladder prolapses into the vagina. This can prevent the bladder from completely emptying -> recurrent cystitis.

47
Q

Rectocele

A

occurs when the rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of the vagina.

usually not painful.

48
Q

Leiomyoma or uterine fibroids

A

firm, rubbery growths of the myometrium.

most common benign tumors in women.

classified according to location:

  • *intramural** (imbedded in the uterine wall)
  • *subserosal** (on the outermost layer of the uterus)
  • *submucosal** (in the innermost layer of the uterus) pedunculated (on a stalk)
49
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

benign, fluid-filled sacs on the ovary.

fluid usually results from an ovarian follicle that does not rupture at ovulation

50
Q

Endometrial polyps

A

masses of endometrial tissues that contains the same glands, stroma, and blood vessels as the endometrial lining of the uterus.

can be one or many.

51
Q

Endometriosis

A

when endometrial tissues begins to grow in areas outside of the uterus

52
Q

Cervical cancer

A

caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
(types 16 and 18).

It is a slow growing cancer.

It grows through stages:

  1. normal cervical epithelial cells to
  2. invasion of HPV to
  3. dysplasia (abnormal cells) to
  4. CIS (cancer in situ) to
  5. invasive cancer
53
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease

A

refers to the presence of many benign nodules in the breasts.

firm, moveable masses that become more prominent and painful during menses (due to fluctuation in hormones).

54
Q

Epispadias

A

is when the urethral meatus is on the dorsal (upper) surface of the penis.

55
Q

Hypospadias

A

is when the urethral meatus is on the ventral (under) surface of the penis.

56
Q

Cryptochidism

A

is when one or both testes do not descend

57
Q

Phimosis

A

is when the foreskin cannot be retracted from the glans penis.

58
Q

Paraphimosis

A

is when the foreskin is retracted and cannot be returned over the glans penis.

59
Q

Priapism

A

is a prolonged, painful erection.

60
Q

Peyronie Disease

A

is when fibrous plaque forms on the surface of the corpus cavernosacurvature of the penis with painful, incomplete erections.

61
Q

Chlamydia

A

caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

It is the most prevalent STI.

transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to child during childbirth.

In the infant, it can be in the form of neonatal conjunctivitis (an eye infection that can lead to blindness) and/or pneumonia.

62
Q

Syphyllis course of disease

A

Primary (10-90 days)

secondary (6 weeks - 6 months)

Tertiary (10-30 yrs. after primary)

Patho Test #1 (4 decks)

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