Immunity Flashcards
Lag phase
individual bacteria are maturing and not yet able to divide
Adaptive Immunity: Natural: Passive & Active
Maternal & Infection
Adaptive Immunity: Artificial: Passive & Active
Antibody Transfer & Immunization
Steps in Inflammatory response
- Damaged tissues release histamine
- Histamines cause capillaries to leak phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound
- Phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and debris
- Platelets move out of capillary to seal wound
Traits of inflammation
Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function
What are the 3 immediate responses to injury?
- Binding of neutrophils and macrophages to area capillaries
- Release of vasoactive chemicals
- Cytokines and Chemokines
What is the Complement System
consists of a series of about 25 proteins that work to “complement” the work of antibodies in destroying bacteria. Complement also helps rid the body of antigen-antibody complexes. Complement proteins are the culprits that cause blood vessels to become dilated and leaky, causing redness and swelling during an inflammatory response.
What is the “Complement Cascade”?
set off when the first complement molecule, C1, encounters antibody bound to antigen in an antigen-antibody complex. Each of the complement proteins performs its specialized job, acting, in turn, on the molecule next in line. The end product is a cylinder that punctures the cell membrane and, by allowing fluids and molecules to flow in and out, dooms the target cell.
Key players in the Inflammatory response
Complement System
Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Phagocytes in the Body
Killer Cells: Cytotoxic T cells (Tc) and NKs
Kupfer cells
mature macrophages reside in connective tissue, along the digestive tract, in the lungs, in the spleen, and even along certain blood vessels in the liver,
Neutrophils remain circulating in the _________ and are __________ lived.
blood
short
two types of lymphocytes are killer cells
cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells
Both types contain granules filled with potent chemicals. Both types kill on contact. They bind their targets, aim their weapons, and deliver bursts of lethal chemicals.
What is the difference b/tween Cytotoxic T cells and NK Cells?
cytotoxic T cells need to recognize a specific antigen bound to self-MHC markers, whereas natural killer (NK) cells will recognize and attack cells lacking these. This gives NK cells the potential to attack many types of foreign cells. NK cells primarily attack viruses and cancer cells.
Macrophages are versatile cells; besides acting as phagocytic scavengers, they secrete a wide variety of ___________ _________ (called monokines) that are vital to the immune response.
signaling cytokines
What are cytokines? 3 Examples
cell signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.
interleukins, growth factors, and interferons
What are Interferons?
naturally occurring cytokines that may boost the immune system’s ability to recognize cancer as a foreign invader
Briefly describe what these Immunoglobulins do…
IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD
(G) most abundant type of antibody, is found in all body fluids and protects against bacterial and viral infections
(M) which is found mainly in the blood and lymph fluid, is the first to be made by the body to fight a new infection.
(A) concentrates in body fluids—tears, saliva, and the secretions of the respiratory and digestive tracts—guarding the entrances to the body.
(E) whose natural job probably is to protect against parasitic infections, is responsible for the symptoms of allergy.
(D) remains attached to B cells and plays a key role in initiating early B cell responses.
CD4 is found on _________ cells and reacts specifically with ___________ molecules.
CD8 is found on __________ cells and reacts specifically with ___________ molecules.
T-helper cells, MHC class II
T-cytotoxic, MHC class I
All immunogens are ________ but not all antigens are __________.
antigens, immunogens
What is an Immunogen?
antigens that can induce an immune response
NK Cell
has some characteristics of the T-cytotoxic cells and is important for killing target cells in which viral infection or malignancy has resulted in the loss of cellular MHC molecules.
Primary response against T-dependent antigens
usually dominated by IgM, with lesser amounts of IgG.
*Remember: IgM during the first part of the response is when the person is MISERABLE and IgG comes in when the person is feeling GOOD
Secondary response against T-dependent antigens
more rapid production of a larger amount of antibody, predominantly IgG
*When the person is exposed to the antigen a second time…IgG is already in reserve and appears quickly to mount an attack.
Which WBC’s initiate the immune response (step 1)?
Basophils & Mast Cells
Which WBC’s initiate the secondary immune response (step 2)?
Neutrophil’s & Macrophages
Which WBC’s initiate the 3rd immune response?
Lymphocytes
Briefly describe neonate immunity up to the 1st 6 months
Maternal immunoglobulin antibodies are transported across the placenta into the fetal blood and protect the neonate for the first 6 months, after which they are replaced by the child’s own antibodies.
T cell–independent immune response is adequate in the fetus and neonate, but the T cell–dependent immune response develops slowly during the first 6 months of life.
Fetus has sufficient IgM but deficient IgG and IgA responses
Briefly describe immunity in the elderly person
T cell function and antibody production are somewhat deficient in elderly persons. Elderly individuals also tend to have increased levels of circulating autoantibodies (antibodies against self-antigens).
