Renal

Question 1

What are the types of renal stones?

Answer 1

Most popular to least

1. Calcium oxalate ( RADIO OPAQUE)
2. Struvite (RADIO OPAQUE - SLIGHTLY)
3. Calcium Phosphate (RADIO OPAQUE)
4. Uric Acid (RADIO LUCENT)
5. Cystine (RADIO OPAQUE - INHERITED CONDITION)

Question 2

Renal stones and their pH?

Answer 2

URIC ACID - ACIDIC
Calcium Oxalate - Normal
Cystine - Normal
Calcium Phosphate - normal- alkaline
STRUVATE - ALKALINE

Question 3

What is renal colic?

Answer 3

Renal stones passing

Question 4

First line treatment for renal colic?

Answer 4

NSAIDs - diclofenac or ibuprofen (HEART NEEDS CHECKING)

Question 5

If NSAIDS are contraindicated or not good enough what is given for renal colic?

Answer 5

IV Paracetamol

Question 6

Last line of medical management for renal colic?

(Medical expulsive management)

Answer 6

Alpha blockers - smooth muscle relaxation

Alpha-1 antagonist
- tamsulosin/ alfuzosin

Question 7

Medical management for non-acute renal colic?

Answer 7

1. Watch and wait with pain relief
2. Medical expuslive management (alpha blocker) if less than 10mm
3. Surgical management - shockwave lithotripsym percutaneous nephrolithotomy, uretoscopy, open surgery

Question 8

Initial investigations for renal stones?

Answer 8

Urine dip
U& e - kidney function
Non-contrast KUB
USS for pregnant women and children

Question 9

What size of stone is usually safe for natural passage?

Answer 9

<5mm

Question 10

What is shockwave lithotripsy?

Answer 10

Passage of shock c waves that break down the stone

Question 11

Last stone not mentioned previously?

Answer 11

Xanthine stone RADIOLUCENT

Question 12

What stone gives a ground glass appearance?

Answer 12

Cystine stones