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Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What is croup?

A

Croup is a common respiratory condition in children characterized by a barking cough, stridor, and hoarseness.

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2
Q

What are the common causes of croup?

A

Croup is commonly caused by viral infections, particularly parainfluenza virus.

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3
Q

What is the typical age range for children affected by croup?

A

Croup typically affects children aged 6 months to 3 years.

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4
Q

What are the main symptoms of croup?

A

The main symptoms of croup include a barking cough, stridor, hoarseness, and respiratory distress.

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5
Q

How is croup diagnosed?

A

Croup is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and history; imaging is usually not required.

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6
Q

What is the management for mild croup?

A

Mild croup can be managed at home with humidified air and reassurance.

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7
Q

What is the treatment for moderate to severe croup?

A

Moderate to severe croup may require corticosteroids and nebulized epinephrine.

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8
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, primarily affecting infants.

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

A

The most common cause of bronchiolitis is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

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10
Q

What age group is most commonly affected by bronchiolitis?

A

Bronchiolitis primarily affects infants under 2 years of age.

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11
Q

What are the typical symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A

Symptoms of bronchiolitis include cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and fever.

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12
Q

How is bronchiolitis diagnosed?

A

Bronchiolitis is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms and physical examination.

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13
Q

What is the primary management strategy for bronchiolitis?

A

Management of bronchiolitis is mainly supportive, focusing on hydration and oxygenation.

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14
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition characterized by abnormal and permanent dilation of the bronchi.

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15
Q

What are common causes of bronchiectasis?

A

Common causes include chronic infections, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases.

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16
Q

What are the key symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

Key symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of sputum, and recurrent respiratory infections.

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17
Q

How is bronchiectasis diagnosed?

A

Bronchiectasis is diagnosed using a CT scan of the chest showing bronchial dilation.

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18
Q

What is the cornerstone of bronchiectasis management?

A

The cornerstone of bronchiectasis management is airway clearance techniques and treating infections.

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19
Q

True or False: Croup is primarily a bacterial infection.

A

False: Croup is primarily caused by viral infections.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary virus responsible for bronchiolitis is __________.

A

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

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21
Q

What is one possible complication of untreated bronchiectasis?

A

One possible complication is respiratory failure due to chronic lung damage.

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22
Q

What role do corticosteroids play in the management of croup?

A

Corticosteroids help reduce inflammation and swelling in the airways in cases of moderate to severe croup.

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23
Q

What is a common long-term management strategy for bronchiectasis?

A

Long-term management may include regular use of antibiotics to prevent infections.

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24
Q

True or False: Stridor is a common symptom in bronchiolitis.

A

False: Stridor is more commonly associated with croup.

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25
Q

What is the significance of wheezing in bronchiolitis?

A

Wheezing indicates airway obstruction and is a key symptom in diagnosing bronchiolitis.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of nebulized epinephrine in croup management?

A

Nebulized epinephrine helps to quickly relieve airway swelling and improve breathing.

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27
Q

What does the term ‘airway clearance techniques’ refer to in bronchiectasis management?

A

Airway clearance techniques refer to methods used to help clear mucus from the lungs, such as chest physiotherapy.

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28
Q

What is the role of supportive care in the management of bronchiolitis?

A

Supportive care focuses on maintaining hydration and monitoring respiratory status.

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29
Q

what is mild mod and severe croup and which require admission

A

mild - no stridor at rest, infrequent baring cough, drinking/eating/playing well, no intercostal recession

mod - stridor at rest, frequent barking, some intercostal recession, viewing environment (admit)

severe - stridor and wheeze at rest, respiratory struggles, distress and agitation

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30
Q

what sign on a XRAY is bronchiectasis?

A

signet ring and tram lines

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31
Q

what infective causes causes bronchiectasis

A

pneumonia
tb
measles
pertussis

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32
Q

what inflammatory causes cause bronchiectasis

A
  1. tumour foreign body
  2. cystic fibrosis (physio good fro non cystic)
  3. immunocompromisation
  4. ABPA
33
Q

what is used to test for bronchiolitis?

A

immunofluorescence of nasal sputum for RSV

34
Q

What is intussusception

A

telescoping of one part of the bowel into another

usually ileo-ceacal intussusception

symptoms:
- sausage shaped mass in the tummy
- red-current jelly
- intermittent cramping and abdominal pain
- inconsolable crying
- drawing up knee and pale

investigations
- abdominal ultrasound

Management:
- air insufflation
- surgical

35
Q

what is the fine motor skills developmental milestones at 3 months ?

A

shake rattle if given
reach for objects
180 movement of head
recognise human faces

36
Q

what is the fine motor skills developmental milestones at 6 months ?

A

palmar grasp
pass objects between hands

37
Q

what is the fine motor skills developmental milestones at 9 months ?

A

pointing and pincer grip

38
Q

what is the fine motor skills developmental milestones at 12 months ?

A

good pincer grip
bash toys together

39
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 3 months ?

A

tummy time head he’d up
held sitting with curvature of lumbar spine and mild to no head lag

40
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 6 months ?

A

tummy time head up and hands held out stretched

held sitting with straight back

grasp feet while sitting

sit up on own but fall straight away

41
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 7-8 months ?

A

sit on own

42
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 9 months ?

A

crawl
pull to stand

43
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 12 months ?

A

cruises
walk with one hand

44
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 13-15 months ?

A

walks on own

45
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 18 months ?

A

squats to pick things up

46
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 2 years old?

A

runs
walks up stairs with hand on rail

47
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 3 years old ?

A

tricycle and walks up stairs without hand on rail

48
Q

what is the gross motor skills developmental milestones at 4 years old ?

A

hops on one leg

49
Q

what is the social and behaviour skills developmental milestones at 6 weeks - 10 weeks?

50
Q

what is the social and behaviour skills developmental milestones at 3 months ?

A

laugh and enjoyable interactions

51
Q

what is the social and behaviour skills developmental milestones at 6 months ?

52
Q

what is the social and behaviour skills developmental milestones at 9months ?

A

shy but put things to mouth

53
Q

what is the food skills developmental milestones at 6 months ?

A

hand on bottle

54
Q

what is the food skills developmental milestones at 12-15 months ?

A

eat messy with spoon and cup

55
Q

what is the food skills developmental milestones at 2 years?

A

eat neat with spoon and cup

56
Q

what is the food skills developmental milestones at 3 years?

A

spoon and fork

57
Q

what is the food skills developmental milestones at 4 years ?

A

spoon fork and knife

58
Q

what is the dressing skills developmental milestones at 12-15 months ?

A

help being dressed

59
Q

what is the dressing skills developmental milestones at 18 month?

A

take hat and shoes off can’t replace

60
Q

what is the dressing skills developmental milestones at 2 years?

A

put hat and shoes on

61
Q

what is the dressing skills developmental milestones at 4 years?

A

independent

62
Q

what are the play skills developmental milestones at 9 month?

A

peek a boo

63
Q

what are the play skills developmental milestones at 12 month?

A

bye bye and pat a cake

64
Q

what are the play skills developmental milestones at 18 month?

A

content playing alone

65
Q

what are the play skills developmental milestones at 2 year?

A

playing near someone

66
Q

what are the play skills developmental milestones at 4 year?

A

playing with someone

67
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 3 month?

A

react to sound
quieten to parents voice
squeal

68
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 6 months

A

double syllables

69
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 9 month?

A

mama dada and understands no

70
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 12 month?

A

knows and responds to name

71
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 12-15 month?

A

2-6 words and follows simple commands

72
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 2 year?

A

combine words and points to parts of the body

73
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 2.5 years?

A

200+ words in vocabulary

74
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 3 years?

A

short word sentences
count to 10
asks ‘who’ and ‘what’ questions
identifies colours

75
Q

what are the hearing and sound skills developmental milestones at 4 years old?

A

asked ‘how’ ‘when’ ‘why’ questions

76
Q

what is a hand preference before 12 months a sign of?

A

cerebral palsy

77
Q

is bum shuffling normal instead of crawling?

UKMLA (12 decks)

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