Renal Flashcards
Alports syndrome inheritance pattern
x linked dominant
AKI definition
a rise in serum creatinine of 26 micromol/litre or greater within 48 hours
a 50% or greater rise in serum creatinine known or presumed to have occurred within the past 7 days
a fall in urine output to less than 0.5 ml/kg/hour for more than 6 hours in adults and more than
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of bladder
Schistosomiasis
Smoking
Risk factors for urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma of the bladder include:
Smoking
most important risk factor in western countries
hazard ratio is around 4
Exposure to aniline dyes
for example working in the printing and textile industry
examples are 2-naphthylamine and benzidine
Rubber manufacture
Cyclophosphamide
three typical features of HUS
low HB, thrombocytopenia and renal failure in a child
minimal change biopsy findings
renal biopsy
normal glomeruli on light microscopy
electron microscopy shows fusion of podocytes and effacement of foot processes
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
inherited condition associated with organomegaly, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, Wilm’s tumour and neonatal hypoglycaemia.
Wiedemann = wide man = large tongue, organs, kidney tumour
Wilms MOAN(Wilm’s tumor, macroglossia ,organomegaly ,abdominal wall defect ,neonatal hypoglycemi
chromosome for wilms
11 (wilms tumour = 11 letters)
normal anion gap and how to calculate
8-15
(na + k) - (cl + HCO3)
IgA Nephropathy histology
mesangial hypercellularity and positive immunofluorescence for IgA & C3
Post Streptococcal glomerulonephritis histology
Subepithelial humps, granular deposits having ‘starry sky appearance
tolvaptan
Tolvaptan is recommended in selected cases of APCKD to prevent or slow the progression of renal failure. its a vasopressor 2 agonist
In ADPKD, there is an overproduction of cAMP in the kidneys in response to vasopressin.
The over production of cAMP leads to increased cell growth and division which leads to the cysts forming.
Hence, tolvaptan blocks vasopressin 2 receptors, which prevents the formation of cAMP, which prevents the excessive cell division, which prevents cysts forming.
They will pee alot as a result though.
Maybe can remember it as Tol-Tap-Tan. Cause when you take it, the ‘tap’ keeps on running.
HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) 5 features
massive proteinuria resulting in nephrotic syndrome
normal or large kidneys
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with focal or global capillary collapse on renal biopsy
elevated urea and creatinine
normotension
positive cyanide-nitroprusside test
cysteinurria
Antibody associated with idopathic membranous glomerulonephritis
Idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis is related to anti-phospholipase A2 antibodies
