Renal

Question 1

What tpically occurs with acute kidney injuries?

Answer 1

• decreased GFR
• blood urea nitrogen (BUN) elevation
• elevated serum creatinine
• oliguria

Question 2

What is important to remember about UTIs

Answer 2

Ureterovesical junction closes during urination to prevent spread to ureters and kidneys (reflux)

Question 3

What are the 3 types of AKI and their causes?

Answer 3

1. Prerenal - before blood flow to kidneys (MOST COMMON)
   * forms of shock
   * haemorrhage
   * severe burns
   * cardiac failure
2. Intrarenal (Intrinsic) - within the kidneys aka Acute Tubular Necrosis OR Glomerulonephritis
   OR Polycystic Kidney disease
   * vascular
   * clots
   * toxins
   * some meds
   * diabetic nephropathy
   * cysts
3. Postrenal - after urine leaves kindney
   * urinary tract obstruction (stones)
   * uteral destruction
   * neurogenic bladder

Question 4

What is another name for kidney stones?

Answer 4

Calculi

Question 5

What is an urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 5

Obstruction of the renal tract causes dilation proximal to the blockage, leading to hydroureter and/or hydronephrosis.

Question 6

What is CKD?

Answer 6

Progressive and irreverisble destruction of nephrons & associated renal tissues resulting in lose of renal function

There are 5 grades with no.5 being kidney failure/the worst and requiring dialysis

Question 7

What is Azotemia and associated symptoms?

Answer 7

High nitrogen in blood.

Signs & Symptoms of Azotemia from CKD:
* Nausea/vomiting
* anorexia
* diarrhoea
* peripheral neuropathy
* pericarditis
* pruitis
* frost
* hypertension
* muscle waste/bone pain

Question 8

Explain what Hydoureter is

Answer 8

Accumulation of urine in the ureter due to blockage

Question 9

Explain what Hydronephrosis is

Answer 9

Accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis due to blockage

Question 10

What are the two types of urinary tract obstructions?

Answer 10

1. Lower obstruction:
   Causes:
   * Neurogenic (sensory/motor related)
   * Overactive bladder - incontinence
   * Obstructions ie prostrate & prolapse & stricture
2. Upper obstruction
   Causes:
   * Stricture (external force)
   * Kidney stone - less than 5mm means 50% chance of passing

Question 11

What are the 4 main causes of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Answer 11

• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Glomerulonephritis
• PKD

Question 12

What are the main symptoms of CKD?

Answer 12

Bad filtration symptoms - Uraemia symptoms from Azotemia (urea backing up in blood)

Question 13

What other symptoms come from CKD issues?

Answer 13

• Erythropoietin not made - anaemia
• Effects Vit D activation = hypocalcaemia
• Calcium pulled from bones = bones weakness
• Release more renin = Hypertension