Renal Flashcards
Common causes of CKD
DM, ADPKD, chronic IHD/HTN, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, obstructive uropathy
Purpose of USS in CKD
Assess size of kidneys and extent of disease; exclude polycystic disease / obstruction
What drug should be started in CKD patients with an ACR > 30
ACE inhibitors
SE of ACE inhibitors
Dry cough, first dose hypotension, hyperkalaemia
Monitoring investigations in CKD
eGFR, diabetes control, Ca2+, phosphate, PTH, FBC
What stage of CKD is 14 ml/min eGFR?
Stage 5 (end-stage) - requiring renal replacement therapy
Signs of CKD on examination
Brown nails, pallor, uraemic tinge, bruising, peripheral oedema, hypertension, AV fistula, pleural effusion, pericardial rub
Complications of peritoneal dialysis
Bacterial peritonitis, local infection, constipation
What time frame differentiates between acute and chronic organ rejection
6 months
What skin condition are renal transplant patients prone to and why?
Squamous cell carcinoma, immunosuppressant drugs
What type of hyperparathyroidism is seen in CKD?
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
What is seen on bloods in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Low calcium, high PTH
What happens in untreated secondary hyperparathyroidism
Progresses to tertiary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid glands act autonomously)
Describe PTH and calcium in tertiary hyperparathyroidism
High for both
Roles of PTH
Increases osteoclast activity (Ca2+ and phosphate resorption from bone); increases Ca 2+ and phosphate reabsorption in kidneys
