renal

Question 1

what is continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)?

Answer 1

treats AKI by removing uremic toxins & fluids while maintaining acid-base balance & electrolytes are adjusted slowly & continuously

Question 2

what is AKI (acute kidney injury)?

Answer 2

a sudden & often reversible reduction in kidney function

Question 3

what is the most common manifestation of AKI?

Answer 3

decreased glomerular filtration rate

Question 4

what are the categories of AKI?

(3)

Answer 4

• prerenal
• intrarenal
• postrenal

Question 5

what is CKD?

Answer 5

a gradual & irreverisble loss of kidney function

Question 6

what causes prerenal injury?

Answer 6

marked decrease in renal blood flow

Question 7

what is intrarenal injury?

Answer 7

damage within kidney structures

Question 8

how does postrenal injury manifest?

Answer 8

obstructed urine flow

Question 9

what is a significant lab result for AKI?

Answer 9

elevated Cr

Question 10

what are the significant lab results for CKD?

Answer 10

• decreased RBC (anemia)
• decreased GFR
• increased phosphate

Question 11

what is the duration of time for which CKD will be classified as such?

Answer 11

3 months or more

Question 12

what is ESRD?

Answer 12

a condition in which kidneys cease functioning on a permanent basis, leading to dialysis or transplant

Question 13

what are causes for a prerenal injury?

(5)

Answer 13

• hypovolemia
• vasodilation
• decreased cardiac output
• sepsis
• dehydration

decreased blood flow

Question 14

what are causes for intrarenal injury?

Answer 14

• prolonged ischemia
• medical nephrotoxins
• acute tubular necrosis

direct renal injury

Question 15

what are causes for postrenal injury?

(5)

Answer 15

• BPH
• prostate cancer
• renal calculi
• extrerenal tumors
• urethral stricture

obstruct urine outflow

Question 16

what is the RAAS?

Answer 16

it is a hormonal system feedback loop with the kidneys that is essential for blood pressure regulation & fluid balance

Question 17

what are the hormones involved in RAAS?

Answer 17

• renin
• angiotensin II
• aldosterone

Question 18

what is the role of renin?

Answer 18

controls the production of aldosterone & is released in response to hyponatremia or hypovolemia

Question 19

what is the role of angiotensin II?

Answer 19

vasoconstriction

Question 20

what is the role of aldosterone?

Answer 20

increases sodium retention & potassium excretion

Question 21

what are the hormones that are mainly produced by the kidneys?

Answer 21

• erythropoietin
• calcitriol

Question 22

a patient finds out they are hyperparathyroidic due to their kidney problems and asks the nurse, “how are they related?”

what does the nurse say?

Answer 22

kidneys produce calcitriol

once kidneys are impaired there will be decreased calcitriol (calcium) that the PT gland will recognize as a cue to release more PTH

Question 23

what are the types of conditions that occur wtih renal dysfunction?

(5)

Answer 23

• FV overload
• metabolic acidosis
• hyperkalemia
• hypermagnesemia
• hypernatremia

Question 24

interventions

FV overload

Answer 24

• increase diuresis
• CRRY
• aquapheresis

Question 25

interventions

metabolic acidosis

Answer 25

sodium bicarb supplements

Question 26

interventions

hyperkalemia

Answer 26

• IV insulin
• potassium binders for fecal excretion

Question 27

interventions

hypermagnesemia

Answer 27

IV calcium gluconate

Question 28

interventions

hypernatremia

Answer 28

increase diuresis

Question 29

what is considered the gold standard for hemodialysis access?

Answer 29

AV fistula

Question 30

where is an AV fistula typically located?

Answer 30

• radial artery
• brachiocephalic artery