Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

COMPLEX > GI + sepsis > Flashcards

GI + sepsis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the GI alterations discussed in this lecture?

A
  • cirrhosis
  • pancreatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A

extensive fibrous buildup in the liver due to scarring from chronic inflammation (EtOH usual cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the various complications of cirrhosis?

A
  • hepatic encephalopathy
  • esophageal varices
  • ascites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the main function of the liver?

A

detoxifies the body of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

the liver’s failure to convert ammonia (toxic waste) affects the brain & induces changes in LOC and orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is ammonia usually eliminated?

A

bowel movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a client with cirrhosis starts showing neurological changes, what does the nurse expect to administer to manage these symptoms?

A

lactulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does the nurse confirm that a patient has ascites?

A

measure the patient’s ABD girth & monitor I&O daily and identify trends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the therapeutic procedure for ascites?

A

paracentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does ascites occur?

A

portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the nursing considerations in preparing the client for paracentesis?

A
  • assist to them void
  • weigh the client
  • supine positioning with HOB elevated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the nursing considerations AFTER paracentesis?

A
  • apply dressing over puncture site
  • maintain bed rest
  • measure fluid obtained
  • assess fluid color
  • send fluid specimen to lab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

paracentesis can induce hypovolemic shock

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what causes esophageal varices?

A

portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are esophageal varices?

A

fragile, collateral blood vessels that develop in the upper stomach & esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the nurse finds out a patient has had bloody emesis, what is the cause?

A

esophageal varices have ruptured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A

an inflamed pancreas due to prematurely activated pancreatic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are common s/s of cirrhosis?

(6)

A
  • asterixis
  • jaundice
  • ascites
  • lower extremity edema
  • itchy skin
  • ABD pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what labs are elvevated for cirrhosis?

what is the liver responsible for?

A
  • bilirubin
  • ammonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what labs are decreased for cirrhosis?

A
  • platelets
  • WBCs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are common conditions included under nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

A
  • Hepatitis B/C
  • fat collection in liver
  • inflammation of liver from excess hepatotoxic drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what can cause acute pancreatitis?

A

blocked bile ducts due to gallstones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some causes for chronic pancreatitis?

A
  • excess EtOH
  • cystic fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the manifestations for acute pancreatitis?

(7)

A
  • sudden LUQ pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • ABD rigidity (boardlike)
  • Cullen’s sign
  • tachycardia
  • hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is ***Cullen's sign*** in *pancreatitis*?
26
what labs are elevated in ***pancreatitis***?
* amylase * lipase * WBC * bilirubin * glucose
27
what labs are decreased in ***pancreatitis***?
* platelets * Calcium * Magnesium
28
what are the s/s of *chronic* ***pancreatitis***?
* DM * jaundice * dark urine * steatorrhea
29
what are the interventions for ***pancreatitis***? | (5)
* NPO * IV fluids * side lying on L side ONLY * NG tube * **insulin drip**
30
why does a patient with ***pancreatitis*** need to be on NPO?
rest the pancreas and prevent autodigestion
31
what does the patient with ***pancreatitis*** need an *NG tube* for?
gastric suctioning
32
why does a patient with ***pancreatitis*** need an *insulin drip*?
acute hypoglycemia will occur due to decreased insulin from pancreatic damage
33
what are the types of ***shock*** discussed in this lecture?
* septic * neurogenic * hypovolemic * anaphylactic
34
what is the earliest sign of ***septic shock***?
tachypnea
35
infection causes *decreased perfusion* ***(shock)*** due to uncontrolled immune response
true
36
how does the body respond to an *uncontrolled immune response*?
* vasodilation * **edema** from capillary leak * blood clotting that leads to blocked vessels
37
with *decreased perfusion* during ***shock***, organs become deprived of O2, what does the nurse expect to happen next?
* multiple organ dysfunction * metabolic acidosis
38
what is the optimal MAP to keep a patient with ***sepsis*** from detoriorating ?
> 65
39
what is the calculation for MAP?
40
what kind of relationship does *cardiac output* have with *perfusion*?
direct
41
what are the s/s of ***sepsis***? | (8)
* **tachycardia** * **tachypnea** * **hypotension** * fever * diaphoresis * cool skin * AMS *(hypoxemia)* * decreased UOP
42
the nurse discovers a patient has a MAP of less than 65, what pharmacological intervention do they need to take?
administer ***vasopressors***
43
what is the treatment for ***sepsis***?
* rapid **fluid** bolus * draw blood cultures * administer **ABX** * administer **vasopressors** * passive **leg raise**
44
a patient who weighs 55 kg. has ***sepsis***, and the nurse needs to give them a rapid fluid bolus of how much? | *30mL/ kg
1650 mL | LR (crystalloids)
45
why is it *most appropriate* to draw blood culture from a patient who has ***sepsis*** BEFORE ABX treatment?
to identify the type of bacteria that caused infection and therefore administer the appropriate medication
46
why does the nurse need to perform a *passive leg raise* on a patient who has ***sepsis***?
increases circulation to the vital organs *(which are located in the upper body)*
47
how is ***sepsis*** diagnosed?
* elevated lactate ***(>4mmol)*** * positive blood cultures
48
what is considered an *elevated lactate* in order to diagnose ***sepsis***?
> 2 mmol/ L
49
what are the *stages* of ***shock***?
1. initial 2. compensatory 3. progressive 4. irreversible
50
# characteristics initial stage | shock
* asymptomatic * mild hypoxemia
51
# characteristics compensatory stage
* tachycardia * tachypnea * ***Renin*** & ***Angiotensin*** released * organs *begin* to fail
52
# characteristics progressive stage
* diaphoresis * cool skin | advancing hypovolemic shock/ progression to death
53
# characteristics irreversible stage
imminent death
54
what is the WBC level for ***septic shock***?
> 10,000
55
what is the pharmacological action in treating *bradycardia* from ***neurogenic shock***?
atropine
56
what is the medication for treating *hypotension* from ***neurogenic shock***?
phenylephrine
57
what are the characteristics of the skin in ***neurogenic shock***?
* warm * pink * dry | due to pooling of blood from systemic vasodilation
58
how does ***hypovolemic shock*** occur?
there is a loss of **intravascular blood** volume due to severe bleeding or fluid loss
59
what are the common causes of ***hypovolemic shock***?
* vomiting * diarrhea * bleeding * burns
60
how should the patient with ***hypovolemic shock*** be positioned?
supine with legs elevated | trendelenburg
61
how does ***neurogenic shock*** occur?
* spinal cord injury at level T5 or above * intake of drugs that affect vasomotor center *(opioids/ benzos)*
62
what is the *primary* treatment for ***anaphylactic shock***?
epinephrine injection to the outer thigh *(hold for 10 secs.)*
63
how often does ***epinephrine*** need to be administered for *anaphylactic shock*?
every 5-15 minutes *(until rxn is resolved)*
64
what are the criteria for a patient to be given *vasoactive meds* or receive *fluid resuscitation*?
* MAP < 65 * SBP < 90 * low UOP
65
*fluid resuscitation* must be initiated before administering ***vasopressors***
true
66
what is the kidney's response to impaired GFR?
* increased sodium reabsorption * RAAS activation
67
what does ***RAAS*** activation in response to impaired GFR lead to?
increased volume overload and compromised diuresis

COMPLEX (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions