lecture 3 – electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the ECG changes for hypokalemia

A
  • flat T-wave
  • depressed ST segment
  • P waves peak
  • prolonged QRS
  • V-tach
  • V-fib
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2
Q

what are the ECG changes for hyperkalemia?

A
  • peaked T-waves
  • ST segment depression
  • widened QRS complex
  • V-fib
  • heat block
  • cardiac standstill
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3
Q

causes

hyperkalemia

A
  • impaired renal excretion
  • excess K+ administration
  • ACEs + ARBs
  • Spironolactone
  • extensive skeletal muscle destruction
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4
Q

how do you treat hyperkalemia?

A
  • force K+ into ICF
  • increase K+ excretion
  • stop intake of K+
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5
Q

what does hyperkalemia do for cellular conduction?

A
  • decrease rate of ventricular depolarization(wide QRS)
  • shortens repolarization
  • depresses AV conduction
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6
Q

what are the ECG changes for hypercalcemia?

A
  • short ST segment
  • short QT interval
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7
Q

what are the ECG changes for hypocalcemia?

A
  • V-tach
  • prolonged ST segment
  • prolonged QT interval
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8
Q

mechanism

hypocalcemia

A
  • decreased contractility
  • reduced cardiac output
  • hypotension
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9
Q

how does hypercalcemia affect the heart?

A
  • strengthens contractility
  • shortens ventricular repolarization
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10
Q

how do you treat hypocalcemia?

A
  • Ca+ & Vit D supplements
  • IV calcium gluconate
  • seizure precautions
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11
Q

treatment

hypercalcemia

A
  • increased weight bearing activities
  • calcitonin
  • increase fluid intake
  • bisphosphonates
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