Renal

Question 1

Saline responsive metabolic alkalosis presents with a low or high urine chloride?

Answer 1

Saline-responsive metabolic alkalosis presents with a low urine chloride of <15 mEq/L (15 mmol/L)

Question 2

What is defined as a low urine chloride

Answer 2

<15

Question 3

Top causes of saline responsive, metabolic alkalosis

Answer 3

the most common causes are vomiting, nasogastric suction,

Question 4

Top causes of saline resistant metabolic alkalosis

Answer 4

mineralocorticoid excess disorder (saline-resistant metabolic alkalosis) such as Cushing syndrome and primary hyperaldosteronism.

Question 5

Normal urine osmolality

Answer 5

urine osmolality, 300-600 mOsm/kg H2O

Question 6

Polyuria is always due to either

Answer 6

Solute diuresis (high osm) or water diuresis (low osm)

Question 7

Two types of solute diuresis

Answer 7

Electrolyte or non electrolyte (ie urea or glucose) can check with formulation 2(Na + K) and if <50% the urine osm it’s non electrolyte

Question 8

Causes of NAGMA

Answer 8

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis can be caused by gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss, renal loss of bicarbonate, or the inability of the kidney to excrete acid.