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PHYL2062 EOS > Renal 1: Introduction to the kidneys --> from blood plasma to urine (filtration) > Flashcards

Renal 1: Introduction to the kidneys --> from blood plasma to urine (filtration) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Regulates the extracellular fluid (ECF)
  2. Acid-base balance (maintenance of pH)
  3. Waste disposal
  4. Hormone production
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2
Q

How is the ECF regulated?

A
  • ECF volume
    • Water & Na+balance
  • Electrolyte composition
    • Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, H+ (pH= acidic), bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate, magnesium
  • Osmolarity
    • 300 mOsm/L (needs to maintain this)
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3
Q

What is waste that needed to be disposed thorough the kidneys?

A

Waste disposal –Eg. Urea & foreign compounds (drugs etc)

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4
Q

What are the hormones that are produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin (production of red blood cells), renin (blood volume), vitamin D activation (vit. D for blood Ca+)

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5
Q

Urine _____ varies as the kidneys maintain homeostasis

A

composition Eg. eat salty –> get rid of salt –> pee out salt

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6
Q

What is the structure of the renal system?

A
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7
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A
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8
Q

The ___ kidney is lower than __. Why?

A

R; L

make space for the liver (which takes up a lot of space)

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9
Q

Kidneys are _____ (intra/retroperitoneal). What does that mean?

A

retroperitoneal behind the peritoneal cavity- surround by fat and connective tissue (“retro”= behind)

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10
Q

What is the structure of the kidney?

A
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11
Q

What are the 5 main structures of the kidney

A
  1. Outer cortex
  2. Renal pyramid (inner medulla)
  3. Calyces
  4. Renal pelvis
  5. Ureter
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12
Q

Where does urine travel from? (start in the renal pyramids)?

A
  • Urine drains from renal pyramids into calyces into renal pelvis (dilated part)
  • Urine leaves via the ureter
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13
Q

The renal system is __ (highly/lowly) vascularised? Why?

A

very highly vascularised- due to function for homeostasis

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14
Q

The kidneys make up < 0.5% body weight, but receive ______ of the cardiac output

A

20%

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15
Q

What is the nephron?

A
  • (smallest part of kidney that carries out function- where urine is being produced)
  • Functional units of the kidneys
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16
Q

What are 3 structures are found in the nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle (filtered)
  2. Renal tubule
  3. Collecting system (–> ureters)
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17
Q

What happens at the glomerulus?

A

capillary bed- where blood is filtered

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18
Q

What happens at the Bowman’s capusle?

A

(funnel/cup- being captured)

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19
Q

What is the proximal tubule?

A

closest to renal corpuscle convoluted

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20
Q

What is the sequence of urine flowing in the nephron to the collecting duct (to the ureter)?

A
  1. Glomerus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule
  4. Loop of Heenle
  5. Distal tubule
  6. Collectig duct
  7. Ureter
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21
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical nephrons
  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons
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22
Q

What are 3 characteristics of cortical nephrons?

A
  1. 80%
  2. Short loop of Henle
  3. Mostly in cortex (sit very high up/to the surface of kidney)
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23
Q

What are 3 characteristics of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A
  1. 20%
  2. Long loop of Henle
  3. Dips deep into medulla
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24
Q

What are the juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

Important for balance Na+ and H20

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25
Q

What is the vascular component of the cortical nephron?

A
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26
Q

Where are the vessels for the nephrons?

A

Surrounding

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27
Q

Wha are efferent arterioles?

A

Remaining blood –> peritubular

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28
Q

What is the glomerus?

A

Blood is filtered

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29
Q

What is the afferent arteriole?

A

Heads towards glomerus

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30
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A
  • wrap around nephron - molecules such as Na and glucose move between fluid inside tubule and peritular capillaries
  • important that they are close–> flux between these 2
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31
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

head down and around Loop of Heenle

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32
Q

What is the pathway for the blood in the nephon?

A
  1. Afferent arteriole glomerulus
  2. efferent arteriole
  3. peritubularcapillaries/vasa recta
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33
Q

What is the different in the vascular component between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

C: peritubular capillaries

J: vasa recta

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34
Q

What are the 3 steps of how to make urine?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion (Excretion) Important to note: can occur simultaneously
35
Q

What are the 2 structures in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
36
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the glomerulus?

A
  1. Tuft of capillaries
  2. Surrounded by podocytes (“visceral” layer- form a barrier)
37
Q

What is a characteristic of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Funnel for catching filtrate

38
Q

Plasma enters via afferent _____ and exits via efferent ____ in the renal corpuscle.

A

arteriole; arteriole

39
Q

In Glomerular filtration, there is ____ (high/low) pressure in glomerulus.

A

high

40
Q

In Glomerular filtration, as blood travels through glomerulus, some plasma is pushed out into ________.

A

Bowman’s capsule

41
Q

What is filtrate? What are 5 components?

A

plasma without proteins

  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes (eg. Na+, K+, Cl-)
  3. Nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
  4. Waste products (drugs, food additives)
  5. Urea
42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the glomerular membrane that the filtrate must pass through?

A
  1. Glomerular capillary wall (epithelial cells- endothelial cells- lines vessels)
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytefiltration slits
43
Q

What does the Glomerular capillary wall have?

A

Has fenestrations (pores) (“window”- hole)

44
Q

What does the Glomerular capillary wall allow?

A

Allows passage of most plasma components except large proteins and cells (eg. RBC/WBC- too large)

45
Q

What is the base membrane?

A

(thin- “glad-wrap” like)

Gel-like zone

46
Q

What are the 2 barriers of the basement membrane?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Electrical
47
Q

What is the physical barrier of the basement membrane?

A

proteins can’t fit through

48
Q

What is the electrical barrier of the basement membrane?

A

Negative charge repels proteins

49
Q

Since the base membrane is acellular, what is it made up of?

A

Proteins

50
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the Podocytefiltration slits?

A
  1. Capillaries lined with podocytes(cells with long foot processes)
  2. Adjacent podocytesinterlace
  3. Spaces between processes called filtration slits
51
Q

The rate at which filtrate is produced depends on ______ forces in the renal corpuscle. What are the 2 types of forces?

A

opposing

  1. Hydrostatic pressure (pushing force)
  2. Osmotic pressure (pulling force)
52
Q

What are 2 examples of Hydrostatic pressure (pushing force) in the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerular capillary blood pressure
  2. Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
53
Q

What is an example of Osmotic pressure (pulling force) in the renal corpuscle?

A

Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

54
Q

What is the net filtration pressure in renal corpuscle?

A

balance of both forces= which one is stronger determines if filtrate is made or not, and how much Forces favouring filtration minus forces opposing filtration

55
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Glomerular capillary blood pressure?

A
  1. Pressure of blood inside the glomerular capillaries
  2. Efferent arteriole has a smaller radius than afferent arteriole = high pressure
  3. 50 mm Hg
  4. Favours filtration (pushing pressure –> into Bowman’s capsule
56
Q

Does Glomerular capillary blood pressure favour or oppose filtration?

A

Favours filtration (pushing pressure –> into Bowman’s capsule

57
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure?

A
  1. Plasma proteins suck in glomerular capillaries
  2. Osmolarity is greater inside the capillaries than Bowman’s capsule
  3. Pulls fluid back into capillaries
  4. Opposes filtration
58
Q

Does Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure favour or oppose filtration?

A

Oppose filtration

59
Q

What are 2 characteristics of Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?

A
  1. Pressure of fluid inside Bowman’s capsule
  2. Opposes filtration
60
Q

What is the glomerular capillary blood pressure (CBP)?

A
61
Q

What is the plasma-colloid osmotic pressure (PCOP)?

A
62
Q

What is the Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure?

A
63
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A
64
Q

What are the 3 factors that control glomerular filtration?

A
65
Q

What is the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? What is the average GFR?

A

GFR = The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute

Average: 125 ml/min

66
Q

GFR depends on _______ pressure. Anything that alters _____ pressure will change GFR

A

net filtration; net filtration

67
Q

What are Kidney stones?

A

Obstructs the urinary tract (eg. Ureters)

68
Q

Which pressure will be affected by kidney stones?

A

Increased Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

69
Q

What effect will kidney stones have on GFR?

A

Decreased GFR

70
Q

What are burns?

A

Damages the integumentary system –Loss of protein-rich plasma

71
Q

Which pressure will be affected by burns?

A

Decreased Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure

72
Q

What effect will burns have on GFR?

A

Increase GFR

73
Q

GFR remains constant when _______ pressure fluctuates within a normal range (80-180 mm Hg)

A

mean arterial blood

74
Q

The glomerulus is “protected” from changes in arterial pressure by adjusting the ______ of the afferent arteriole

A

diameter

75
Q

Arteriole vasoconstriction ____ (increases/decreases) the GFR.

A

decrease

76
Q

Arteriole vasodilation ____ (increases/decreases) the GFR.

A

increase

77
Q

The _______ regulates glomerular capillary blood pressure

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

78
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of?

A

modified tubular and vascular cells at the point where the distal tubule and arterioles meet

79
Q

What is the function of the Macula densa cells?

A

detect changes in salt conc. in the filtrate

80
Q

Where are the Macula densa cells found?

A

distal tubule

81
Q

Paracrine signals act on _____cells (smooth muscle cells) to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation of ____ (afferent/efferent) arteriole

A

granular; afferent

82
Q

How does GFR increase and then end up decreasing?

A
83
Q

What is there is a large drop in blood pressure (eg. Haemorrhage)?

A

The baroreceptor response causes the constriction of the afferent arteriole which decreases GFR

PHYL2062 EOS (13 decks)

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